Subsídios para gestão ambiental dos impactos das tintas anti-incrustantes no brasil
Data
2019-10-30
Autores
Rojas, Erika Guisande
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A utilização de tintas anti-incrustantes é mandatória para embarcações e outras estruturas submersas na água do mar. Existem diversas vantagens em utilizar estas tintas como ganho em tempo e em velocidade de operações, e menor gasto de combustível, pois a bioincrustação aumenta a rugosidade da superfície e diminui a hidrodinâmica das embarcações. Em geral, a maioria destas tintas contém biocidas que evitam que os organismos incrustantes consigam se estabelecer sobre a superfície das embarcações. Esses biocidas por sua vez, acabam por serem liberados das pinturas provocando danos aos ecossistemas, como, por exemplo, o imposex, que é a masculinização de fêmeas de moluscos gastrópodes, um problema de disrupção endócrina causada pelo tributilestanho (TBT). Novos biocidas surgiram no mercado global após o banimento do TBT como alternativas menos danosas, porém muitos estudos comprovam efeitos prejudiciais a biodiversidade aquática, principalmente quando combinados. No Brasil, as regulamentações ambientais que dizem respeito às tintas anti-incrustantes são a Norman 23 da Marinha do Brasil, que estabelece as diretrizes para os sistemas anti-incrustantes, e a Resolução Conama 357, que estabelece os padrões de qualidade de águas. Esses dois documentos estão relacionados apenas ao uso do TBT, que foi banido em 2008. Em relação aos novos biocidas não existe nada neste aspecto, embora a Normam 23 tenha opção de incluir outros biocidas, caso necessário. O presente estudo tem por objetivo uma avaliação da possível vulnerabilidade da biodiversidade dos ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros para as novas tintas anti-incrustantes, dentro das opções atualmente oferecidas no mercado. Para alcançar este objetivo foi utilizada uma metodologia inovadora elaborada em três etapas:1) Análise de legislação: Compilação e análise dos instrumentos regulatórios e normativos para as tintas anti-incrustantes de outras regiões do mundo: Europa, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Nova Zelândia, Austrália, Japão e China somados e comparados à legislação do Brasil. 2) Pesquisa de mercado: Nos principais websites de fabricantes e de venda de tintas anti-incrustantes em escala global, com a finalidade de identificar lacunas no sistema e conhecer as principais tintas que estão sendo comercializadas no Brasil e no mundo. Através do levantamento desses dados, foram encontradas e minunciosamente analisadas as folhas de segurança (MSDS), e identificadas a composição, através do número CAS de cada substância; e as informações ecológicas de cada tinta. Os resultados do projeto forneceram um panorama realístico e atual sobre o que está sendo comercializado no mundo e sugere o que está em uso. 3) A última etapa é uma contextualização das outras duas e contém uma proposta com diretrizes, visando a proteção ambiental da biodiversidade dos ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros no Brasil.
The use of some kind of antifouling protection is mandatory for ships and submerged structures. This use has many advantages, such as time gains in trips and general operations due to higher attainable speeds and reduced fuel consumption, as biofouling increases hull roughness and reduces hydrodynamic performance of the vessel. In a general way, most of these paints include biocides, to avoid the organism fixation in the vessel’s hull surface. However, these biocides cause environmental problems such as imposex, which causes masculinization of female marine gastropods, an endocrine disruption problem caused by tributyltin (TBT). New biocides were introduced in the global market after the TBT banning as less harmfull alternatives, but many studies have shown that these also could cause damage to marine ecosystems, and particularly when combined. In Brazil, environmental regulations on antifouling paints are: Normam 23, from the Brazilian Navy, which regulates application of marine antifouling systems, and Resolution 357 from CONAMA (Brazilian National Environment Council), which establish the water quality parameters. Both documents include only organotins (Normam 23) or specifically TBT (Res. 357), forbidden as antifouling since 2008. The new antifouling biocides are not discussed or regulated in these regulatory instances, while Normam 23 have the possibility of upgrade for including other biocides if required. This study is aimed at an evaluation of the possible risks to marine biodiversity due to marine antifouling biocides in coastal and oceanic areas. To reach this goal, we tried an innovative methodology, developed in three lines: 1) A legislation comparison, between the regulatory instruments from other countries as the European Union, the United States of America, New Zealand, Australia, Japan and China, among others with the Brazilian enforced regulations; 2) A global market survey, looking for the options currently in production in the antifoulings market, to understand the composition of the products currently offered in Brazil and abroad, as well as eventual gaps in the information made available to the public. These informations were obtained from the safety sheets (MSDS) of each product as provided by the paint producers, using the CAS number and, when available, the ecological safety evaluation. Finally, 3) The data thus acquired were used in the elaboration of some guiding lines for the environmental protection of our marine and coastal biodiversity in Brazil.
The use of some kind of antifouling protection is mandatory for ships and submerged structures. This use has many advantages, such as time gains in trips and general operations due to higher attainable speeds and reduced fuel consumption, as biofouling increases hull roughness and reduces hydrodynamic performance of the vessel. In a general way, most of these paints include biocides, to avoid the organism fixation in the vessel’s hull surface. However, these biocides cause environmental problems such as imposex, which causes masculinization of female marine gastropods, an endocrine disruption problem caused by tributyltin (TBT). New biocides were introduced in the global market after the TBT banning as less harmfull alternatives, but many studies have shown that these also could cause damage to marine ecosystems, and particularly when combined. In Brazil, environmental regulations on antifouling paints are: Normam 23, from the Brazilian Navy, which regulates application of marine antifouling systems, and Resolution 357 from CONAMA (Brazilian National Environment Council), which establish the water quality parameters. Both documents include only organotins (Normam 23) or specifically TBT (Res. 357), forbidden as antifouling since 2008. The new antifouling biocides are not discussed or regulated in these regulatory instances, while Normam 23 have the possibility of upgrade for including other biocides if required. This study is aimed at an evaluation of the possible risks to marine biodiversity due to marine antifouling biocides in coastal and oceanic areas. To reach this goal, we tried an innovative methodology, developed in three lines: 1) A legislation comparison, between the regulatory instruments from other countries as the European Union, the United States of America, New Zealand, Australia, Japan and China, among others with the Brazilian enforced regulations; 2) A global market survey, looking for the options currently in production in the antifoulings market, to understand the composition of the products currently offered in Brazil and abroad, as well as eventual gaps in the information made available to the public. These informations were obtained from the safety sheets (MSDS) of each product as provided by the paint producers, using the CAS number and, when available, the ecological safety evaluation. Finally, 3) The data thus acquired were used in the elaboration of some guiding lines for the environmental protection of our marine and coastal biodiversity in Brazil.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
tintas anti-incrustantes, pesquisa de mercado, gestão ambiental, legislação ambiental, antifouling paints, market share, environmental laws, environmental management, poluição marinha, marine polution