Produção e eficiência agronômica de composto orgânico bioestabilizado enriquecido com fósforo a partir de lodo de esgoto
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Data
2019-05-31
Autores
Cruz, Caio Vilela [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No estado de São Paulo o lodo de esgoto é destinado para aterros sanitários, perdendo-se assim um resíduo orgânico de grande potencial fertilizante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do enriquecimento desde resíduo com fontes de fósforo (P) no processo de compostagem e a eficiência agronômica dos fertilizantes produzidos. Dois experimentos foram realizados, o primeiro (Experimento I) consiste no enriquecimento de P no início do processo de compostagem do lodo de esgoto com bagaço de cana, foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com um esquema fatorial 2x4, o primeiro fator consiste em fontes inorgânicas de P: superfosfato triplo (ST) e um fosfato natural reativo (FR), em interação com quatro doses de P (0%, 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5%) sendo essas doses calculadas em relação a massa seca do composto, com duração de 60 dias e foram coletadas amostras a cada 15 dias para análise química e para avaliação do pH, umidade, P Total, P solúvel em água, P em citrato neutro de amônio (CNA) e P em ácido cítrico (AC), nitrogênio total, carbono orgânico total e relação C/N e os teores de macro e micro nutrientes; também foi monitorado a temperatura (T) das leiras. O segundo experimento (Experimento II), foi realizado em condições de estufa em delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 10x5, onde o primeiro fator consiste nas fontes de P produzidas no experimento I e fontes inorgânicas de P, sendo: ST, FR, lodo compostado (LC)+FR a 0%, 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5% (LC0%FR; LC1,5%FR; LC3,0% FR e LC4,5%) e LC+ST a 0%, 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5% (LC0%ST; LC1,5%ST; LC3,0% ST e LC4,5%ST), o segundo fator em doses (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg de P dm-3), foi realizado dois cultivos sequenciais de milho com 40 dias de crescimento cada; Na planta foi avaliado a produção de biomassa seca (MS), acúmulo de P (AC), Índice de Eficiência Agronômica (IEA), no solo foi avaliado o P-resina. O uso da fonte superfosfato triplo na dose de 1,5% de P no enriquecimento em base seca e a fonte fosfato reativo no enriquecimento para as doses de 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5% em base seca, não interferem no processo de compostagem e possibilitam que ocorra de forma eficiente, podendo ser utilizadas para o enriquecimento. O processo de compostagem por si só, não é eficiente em solubilizar e disponibilizar em quantidades satisfatórias o P contido no fosfato reativo. As fontes LC 0% ST, LC 1,5% ST, LC 3,0% ST, LC 4,5% ST, LC 0% FR, LC 1,5% FR, LC 3,0% FR incrementam e elevam o teor de P no solo com o aumento das doses. O enriquecimento do composto com o superfosfato triplo, presente nos tratamentos LC 1,5% ST, LC 3,0% ST, LC 4,5% ST, proporcionou os maiores valores de massa seca, acúmulo de P e IEA, demonstrando que essas fontes são mais adequadas para o suprimento de P para culturas de ciclo curto, porem o uso de fonte solúvel com o lodo de esgoto no processo de compostagem diminuiu a eficiência agronômica da fonte solúvel, onde surge a hipótese que em função do pH e da concentração de Fe e Al no composto, pode formar compostos pouco solúveis e inibem a disponibilidade de P fornecido via ST.
In the state of São Paulo, sewage sludge is destined for landfills, thus losing an organic residue with great fertilizing potential. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of enrichment from phosphorus residues on the composting process and the agronomic efficiency of the fertilizers produced. Two experiments were carried out, the first (Experiment I) consists of P enrichment at the beginning of the sugarcane bagasse sewage sludge composting process, was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 2x4 factorial scheme, the first factor consists of inorganic sources. P: triple superphosphate (ST) and a reactive natural phosphate (RF), in interaction with four P doses (0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5%). 60 days dry weight of the compost and samples were taken every 15 days for chemical analysis and for pH, moisture, Total P, water soluble P, neutral ammonium citrate (CNA) and P acid citric acid (AC), total nitrogen, total organic carbon and C / N ratio and the macro and micro nutrient contents; The temperature (T) of the swaths was also monitored. The second experiment (Experiment II) was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design in a 10x5 factorial scheme, where the first factor consists of P sources produced in experiment I and inorganic P sources, being: ST, FR, composted sludge. (LC) + 0% FR, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% (LC0% FR; LC1.5% FR; LC3.0% FR and LC4.5%) and LC + ST a 0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% (LC0% ST; LC1.5% ST; LC3.0% ST and LC4.5% ST), the second factor in doses (0.25 , 50, 75 and 100 mg of P dm-3), two sequential maize crops were grown with 40 days of growth each; In the plant was evaluated the production of dry biomass (DM), accumulation of P (AC), Agronomic Efficiency Index (IEA), in the soil was evaluated the P-resin. The use of the triple superphosphate source at 1.5% P for dry basis enrichment and the reactive phosphate source for enrichment at 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% dry basis did not interfere in the composting process and enable it to occur efficiently and can be used for enrichment. The composting process alone is not efficient in solubilizing and making available in satisfactory quantities the P contained in the reactive phosphate. LC 0% ST, LC 1.5% ST, LC 3.0% ST, LC 4.5% ST, LC 0% FR, LC 1.5% FR, LC 3.0% FR sources increase and increase the soil P content with increasing doses. The enrichment of the compound with triple superphosphate, present in the treatments LC 1.5% ST, LC 3.0% ST, LC 4.5% ST, provided the highest values of dry mass, accumulation of P and IEA, demonstrating that these The sources are better suited to P supply for short cycle crops, but the use of soluble source decreased the agronomic efficiency of the soluble source, ie, using a soluble source in biostabilized sewage sludge reduces the IEA of the soluble mineral source.
In the state of São Paulo, sewage sludge is destined for landfills, thus losing an organic residue with great fertilizing potential. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of enrichment from phosphorus residues on the composting process and the agronomic efficiency of the fertilizers produced. Two experiments were carried out, the first (Experiment I) consists of P enrichment at the beginning of the sugarcane bagasse sewage sludge composting process, was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 2x4 factorial scheme, the first factor consists of inorganic sources. P: triple superphosphate (ST) and a reactive natural phosphate (RF), in interaction with four P doses (0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5%). 60 days dry weight of the compost and samples were taken every 15 days for chemical analysis and for pH, moisture, Total P, water soluble P, neutral ammonium citrate (CNA) and P acid citric acid (AC), total nitrogen, total organic carbon and C / N ratio and the macro and micro nutrient contents; The temperature (T) of the swaths was also monitored. The second experiment (Experiment II) was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design in a 10x5 factorial scheme, where the first factor consists of P sources produced in experiment I and inorganic P sources, being: ST, FR, composted sludge. (LC) + 0% FR, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% (LC0% FR; LC1.5% FR; LC3.0% FR and LC4.5%) and LC + ST a 0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% (LC0% ST; LC1.5% ST; LC3.0% ST and LC4.5% ST), the second factor in doses (0.25 , 50, 75 and 100 mg of P dm-3), two sequential maize crops were grown with 40 days of growth each; In the plant was evaluated the production of dry biomass (DM), accumulation of P (AC), Agronomic Efficiency Index (IEA), in the soil was evaluated the P-resin. The use of the triple superphosphate source at 1.5% P for dry basis enrichment and the reactive phosphate source for enrichment at 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% dry basis did not interfere in the composting process and enable it to occur efficiently and can be used for enrichment. The composting process alone is not efficient in solubilizing and making available in satisfactory quantities the P contained in the reactive phosphate. LC 0% ST, LC 1.5% ST, LC 3.0% ST, LC 4.5% ST, LC 0% FR, LC 1.5% FR, LC 3.0% FR sources increase and increase the soil P content with increasing doses. The enrichment of the compound with triple superphosphate, present in the treatments LC 1.5% ST, LC 3.0% ST, LC 4.5% ST, provided the highest values of dry mass, accumulation of P and IEA, demonstrating that these The sources are better suited to P supply for short cycle crops, but the use of soluble source decreased the agronomic efficiency of the soluble source, ie, using a soluble source in biostabilized sewage sludge reduces the IEA of the soluble mineral source.
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Palavras-chave
Compostagem, Disponibilidade de fósforo, Produção, Composting, Availability of phosphorus, Production