Aplicação do conceito de edificações de energia zero e seu impacto nas cidades por meio de parâmetros técnicos, tecnológicos e ambientais
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Data
2020-02-12
Autores
Chiaradia, Carlos Edilson
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Atualmente o conceito de Edifício de Energia Zero é aplicado em países da União Europeia visando reduzir o consumo de energia das edificações e, consequentemente, as emissões de gases de efeito estufa. O objetivo desta dissertação é realizar um estudo para mensurar o impacto da aplicação de conceitos de edifícios de energia zero em edificações residenciais localizadas em cidades da região sudeste do Brasil, considerando as condições climáticas da cidade de Taubaté (SP) como referência. O estudo foi realizado através de simulação dinâmica computacional utilizando-se o software EnergyPlus. Para a realização das simulações foi construído um modelo de base de edifício residencial utilizando-se dados estatísticos disponíveis na literatura sobre as características das edificações residenciais da região sudeste brasileira. Foram simuladas estratégias de projeto passivo e medidas de eficiência energética visando selecionar aquelas com maior potencial de redução do consumo de energia do edifício em base anual de operação. As simulações demonstraram que a substituição dos envidraçados das janelas por modelos de baixo fator solar, a pintura das paredes externas com tinta de baixa absortância no espectro solar e a utilização de ventilação natural são algumas das estratégias de projeto passivo que mais contribuem para a redução do consumo de energia elétrica. Em relação às medidas de eficiência energética, as simulações demonstraram que a substituição de equipamentos de ar condicionado antigos por modelos novos de alto coeficiente de desempenho e com compressores de rotação variável (inverter) conduz a uma grande redução no consumo de energia elétrica. Combinações de estratégias de projeto passivo e medidas de eficiência energética conduziram a reduções no consumo de energia elétrica na faixa de 36,8 a 48,8%, quando simulados modelos com um ou dois equipamentos de ar condicionado por apartamento, respectivamente. As simulações de geração fotovoltaica indicam que é possível gerar energia elétrica suficiente para atender até 59,2% do consumo restante após a aplicação das estratégias de projeto passivo e medidas de eficiência energética, utilizando somente a área de telhado para a instalação de painéis fotovoltaicos. As reduções no consumo de energia elétrica permitem reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa em até 17,6 toneladas por edifício em base anual de operação, o que representa uma redução de 73,8% em relação ao modelo de base.
Currently, the Zero Energy Building concept is applied in the European Union countries aiming to reduce both the buildings' energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this dissertation is to perform a study to measure the impact of the application of zero energy building concepts in residential buildings located in cities of the Brazilian southeastern region, considering the climate conditions of the city of Taubaté (SP) as a reference. The study was performed through dynamic computational simulation using EnergyPlus software. For the accomplishment of the simulations a residential building base model was constructed using available statistical data in the literature about the characteristics of southeastern Brazilian residential buildings. Passive design strategies and energy efficiency measures were simulated to select those with the highest potential to reduce building energy consumption on an annual basis of operation. The simulations demonstrated that replacing glazing systems in the windows for models with low values of solar heat gain coefficient, painting the external walls with low absorptance paint on the solar spectrum and using natural ventilation are some of the best passive design strategies that leads to significantly electricity consumption reduction. Considering the energy efficiency measures, the simulations demonstrated that the replacement of ancient air conditioning equipments for new models of higher coefficient of performance and with inverter technology leads to significantly electricity consumption reduction. Combinations of passive design strategies and energy efficiency measures led to electricity consumption reduction ranging from 36.8 to 48.8%, to the simulations of models with one or two air conditioning equipments per apartment, respectively. Photovoltaic power generation simulations demonstrated that is possible to produce enough electricity to meet up to 59,2% of the remaining consumption after the applications of passive design strategies and energy efficiency measures, using only the roof area for the photovoltaic panels installation. Electricity consumption reductions allow to reduce the greenhouse gases emissions up to 17.6 tonnes per building in annual operating base, which represents a reduction of 73,8% when compared to the base model.
Currently, the Zero Energy Building concept is applied in the European Union countries aiming to reduce both the buildings' energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this dissertation is to perform a study to measure the impact of the application of zero energy building concepts in residential buildings located in cities of the Brazilian southeastern region, considering the climate conditions of the city of Taubaté (SP) as a reference. The study was performed through dynamic computational simulation using EnergyPlus software. For the accomplishment of the simulations a residential building base model was constructed using available statistical data in the literature about the characteristics of southeastern Brazilian residential buildings. Passive design strategies and energy efficiency measures were simulated to select those with the highest potential to reduce building energy consumption on an annual basis of operation. The simulations demonstrated that replacing glazing systems in the windows for models with low values of solar heat gain coefficient, painting the external walls with low absorptance paint on the solar spectrum and using natural ventilation are some of the best passive design strategies that leads to significantly electricity consumption reduction. Considering the energy efficiency measures, the simulations demonstrated that the replacement of ancient air conditioning equipments for new models of higher coefficient of performance and with inverter technology leads to significantly electricity consumption reduction. Combinations of passive design strategies and energy efficiency measures led to electricity consumption reduction ranging from 36.8 to 48.8%, to the simulations of models with one or two air conditioning equipments per apartment, respectively. Photovoltaic power generation simulations demonstrated that is possible to produce enough electricity to meet up to 59,2% of the remaining consumption after the applications of passive design strategies and energy efficiency measures, using only the roof area for the photovoltaic panels installation. Electricity consumption reductions allow to reduce the greenhouse gases emissions up to 17.6 tonnes per building in annual operating base, which represents a reduction of 73,8% when compared to the base model.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Edificações, Energia elétrica, Consumo, Recursos energéticos, Gases estufa, Buildings, Electricity, Consumption, Energy resources, Greenhouse gases