Emissão de gases de efeito estufa e pegada de carbono na produção de pepino, tomate e alface em dois sistemas de cultivo
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Data
2020-02-20
Autores
Pereira, Breno de Jesus
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O cultivo consorciado de hortaliças é considerado uma alternativa ao sistema convencional, pois caracteriza-se pela maior eficiência do uso da terra e de insumos. Por esta razão, acredita-se ser este um modelo de cultivo mais sustentável e de baixa emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Assim, objetivou-se estimar a emissão direta e indireta de GEE e a pegada de carbono por quilograma de hortaliça produzida nos sistemas de consórcio e monocultivo, em ambiente protegido. Para isso, baseado em trabalhos publicados sobre a eficiência agronômica destes sistemas, foram comparados consórcios de pepino-alface e de tomate-alface com monocultivos de pepino, tomate e alface. Duas unidades funcionais foram selecionadas para estimar o impacto de cada sistema, um quilograma de hortaliça produzido e um hectare de cultivo. O total de GEE emitido para cada sistema de cultivo foi convertido em CO2 equivalente (CO2eq), utilizando a metodologia do IPCC e fatores específicos (Tier 2). As emissões totais de GEE nos dois consórcios (16.368 kg CO2eq ha-1 ) foram cerca de 35 % menores que o total emitido quando em monocultivos (25.273 kg CO2eq ha-1 ), sendo a infraestrutura e fertilizantes sintéticos as principais fontes contribuintes nos dois sistemas. A pegada de carbono para a produção de um quilograma de hortaliça em consórcio (0,105 kg CO2eq kg-1 ) é cerca de cinco vezes menor que em monocultivo (0,516 kg CO2eq kg-1 ), e essa diferença se deve, também, às diferentes produtividades das culturas. Os resultados confirmam que os consórcios de pepino-alface e de tomate-alface devem ser fomentados pois são mitigadores de GEE em relação aos seus respectivos monocultivos.
Vegetables intercropping cultivation is considered an alternative to the conventional system, as it is characterized by greater efficiency of land use and inputs. For this reason, it is believed to be a more sustainable and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission cultivation model. Thus, the aim of this study was estimate direct and indirect GHG emission and the carbon footprint per kilogram of vegetables produced in intercropping and monoculture systems, in protected environment. Based on published works about agronomic efficiency of these systems, it was compared intercropping of cucumber-lettuce and tomato-lettuce with cucumber, tomato and lettuce monoculture. Two functional units were selected to estimate the impact of each system, one kilogram of vegetables produced and one hectare of cultivation. Total GHG emissions for each cropping system were converted in CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) using the IPCC methodology and specific factors (Tier 2). GHG emissions in both intercropping cultivation (16,368 kg CO2eq ha-1 ) were about 35% lower than the total emitted in monocultures (25,273 kg CO2eq ha-1 ). The main contributing GHG emission sources were infrastructure and synthetic fertilizers in both systems. Carbon footprint for production of one kilogram vegetables in intercropping (0.105 kg CO2eq kg-1 ) is about five times lower than in monoculture (0.516 kg CO2eq kg-1 ), and this difference is also due to the different crop productivity. The results confirm that intercropping cultivation of cucumber-lettuce and tomato-lettuce should be promoted as they are GHG mitigators in relation to their respective monocultures.
Vegetables intercropping cultivation is considered an alternative to the conventional system, as it is characterized by greater efficiency of land use and inputs. For this reason, it is believed to be a more sustainable and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission cultivation model. Thus, the aim of this study was estimate direct and indirect GHG emission and the carbon footprint per kilogram of vegetables produced in intercropping and monoculture systems, in protected environment. Based on published works about agronomic efficiency of these systems, it was compared intercropping of cucumber-lettuce and tomato-lettuce with cucumber, tomato and lettuce monoculture. Two functional units were selected to estimate the impact of each system, one kilogram of vegetables produced and one hectare of cultivation. Total GHG emissions for each cropping system were converted in CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) using the IPCC methodology and specific factors (Tier 2). GHG emissions in both intercropping cultivation (16,368 kg CO2eq ha-1 ) were about 35% lower than the total emitted in monocultures (25,273 kg CO2eq ha-1 ). The main contributing GHG emission sources were infrastructure and synthetic fertilizers in both systems. Carbon footprint for production of one kilogram vegetables in intercropping (0.105 kg CO2eq kg-1 ) is about five times lower than in monoculture (0.516 kg CO2eq kg-1 ), and this difference is also due to the different crop productivity. The results confirm that intercropping cultivation of cucumber-lettuce and tomato-lettuce should be promoted as they are GHG mitigators in relation to their respective monocultures.
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Palavras-chave
CO2 equivalente, Hortaliças, Consórcio, Emissão direta e indireta, CO2 equivalent, Vegetables, Intercropping, Direct and indirect emission