Análise ultrassonográfica qualitativa e quantitativa das produções das líquidas alveolares de crianças falantes do português brasileiro
Data
2020-05-11
Autores
Esperandino, Cássio Eduardo [UNESP]
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ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Introdução: Apesar de as consoantes líquidas virem sendo descritas como segmentos complexos por envolverem a produção concomitante de duplos gestos articulatórios, ponta e dorso, e estarem comumente envolvidas nos processos fonológicos de simplificação, há argumentos contrários a esse respeito (Recasens, 2016), não havendo um consenso na literatura. Objetivo: descrever qualitativamente e quantitativamente a produção típica e os processos de simplificação (substituição de líquida não lateral para lateral, bem como substituição da líquida não lateral por uma semivogal) das consoantes líquidas alveolares do português brasileiro, em crianças de 4 a 9 anos, a partir da análise ultrassonográfica. Baseando-se em evidências advindas de estudos anteriores, as hipóteses assim se definem: as produções típicas de crianças se assemelhariam às dos adultos, caracterizando-se pela presença de duplos gestos; as produções atípicas, as quais envolvem os processos de substituição de líquida não lateral por uma lateral (/ɾ / [l]) e de semivocalização (/r/ [j]) tratam-se de modificações gestuais de redução da magnitude e/ou omissão de um dos gestos e uma fusão gestual, respectivamente. Método: Foram selecionadas de um banco de dados 60 produções (imagens US e áudios) advindas de 10 crianças com produção típica e de 20 crianças com distúrbios dos sons da fala (DSF) envolvendo os processos anteriormente mencionados. Dentre as produções típicas, 10 corresponderam à podução alvo de [l] e 10 corresponderam à produção alvo de [ɾ]. Dentre as produções atípicas, 20 eram relativas às produções alvos de [l], 10 erros de substituição de /ɾ/ [l] e 10 erros de substituição de /ɾ/ [j]. Com o uso do software Sound Forge Pro 10, selecionou-se das imagens ultrassonográficas o frame relativo ao ponto máximo de constrição da língua de todas as amostras. Em seguida, as imagens foram dispostas em pares (ex: imagem do ponto máximo de constrição para [l] (alvo) vs imagem do ponto máximo de constrição para [ɾ] alvo e/ou simplificado). Os 30 pares de imagens foram julgados por 20 juízes, adotando-se o Coeficiente Kappa de Fleiss na análise da concordância entre os juízes. Na análise quantitativa, considerou-se como parâmetros para análise: altura média da porção anterior (PA) da língua, altura média da porção posterior (PP) da língua, razão entre porção anterior e posterior e razão normalizada entre porção anterior e posterior da língua. Resultados: As produções típicas foram descritas como tendo duplos gestos (ponta e dorso) para ambos os fonemas, com ponta mais elevada e dorso mais anteriorizado para [ɾ] comparativamente ao [l]. Nas produções com substituição de /ɾ/[l], verificou-se um padrão muito próximo das produções típicas para ambos os fonemas, porém, com diferenças sutis de magnitude na elevação da ponta. Para a substituição de /ɾ/[j], observou-se apenas uma elevação da porção medial da língua (corpo da língua), sem elevação de ponta (fusão gestual), confirmando todas as hipóteses. Na análise quantitativa, observou-se que as produções típicas se diferem a partir do parâmetro de razão entre porção anterior (PA) e porção posterior (PP); as produções com semivocalização se diferem pela altura da PP, razão entre PA e PP e razão normalizada entre PA e PP; e as produções com substituição de /ɾ/[l] não apresentaram significância nos parâmetros adotados. Conclusão: As consoantes líquidas alveolares do PB são segmentos complexos, uma vez que foram observados dois gestos simultâneos. O gesto posterior de língua sempre esteve presente nas produções. A ultrassonografia de língua foi sensível para caracterizar as diferenças qualitativamente (para todas as produções) e quantitativamente (para as produções típicas e com semivocalização). Sugere-se aliar a análise US na caracterização dos erros envolvendo as líquidas em crianças com os distúrbios dos sons da fala.
Introduction: Although liquid consonants have been described as complex segments involved in the concomitant production of double articulatory gestures, tip and dorsum, and are commonly involved in phonological simplification processes, there are opposite arguments to this respect (Recasens, 2016), without a consensus in the literature. Objective: to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the typical production and simplification processes (substitution of non-lateral to lateral liquid, as well as substitution of non-lateral liquid by a semivowel) of alveolar liquids consonants from Brazilian Portuguese in children aged 4 to 9 years, based on ultrasound analysis. Based on evidence from previous studies, the hypotheses defined are: children’s typical productions would resemble adults’ productions, characterized by the presence of double gestures; the atypical productions, such as those involving the substitution processes of non-lateral liquids for a lateral one (/ɾ/ [l]) and semivocalization (/ɾ/[j]) are gestural changes of magnitude reduction and/or omission of one of the gestures and a gestural fusion, respectively. Methods: Sixty productions (US images and audios) from 10 children with typical production and 20 children with speech sound disorders (SSD) involving the aforementioned processes were selected from a database. Among the typical productions, 10 corresponded to the target production of [l] and 10 corresponded to the target production of [ɾ]. Among the atypical productions, 20 were related to the target productions of [l], 10 substitution errors of /ɾ/[l] and 10 substitution errors of /ɾ/[j]. Using the Sound Forge Pro 10 software, the frame related to the point of maximum tongue constriction of all samples was selected from the ultrasound images. Then, the images were arranged in pairs (ex: image of the point of maximum constriction for [l] (target) vs image of the point of maximum constriction for [ɾ] target and/or simplified). The 30 pairs of images were judged by 20 judges, using Fleiss' Kappa Coefficient to analyze the agreement between the judges. In the quantitative analysis, the parameters considered for analysis were: average height of the anterior portion (AP) of the tongue, average height of posterior portion (PP) of the tongue, ratio between anterior and posterior portion and normalized ratio between anterior and posterior portion of the tongue. Results: The typical productions were described as having double gestures (tip and dorsum) for both phonemes, with a higher tip and a more anterior dorsum to [ɾ] compared to [l]. In productions with substitution of /ɾ/[l], there was a very close pattern to typical productions for both phonemes, but with subtle magnitude differences in the tip elevation. For the substitution of /ɾ/ [j], there was only an elevation of medial portion of the tongue (body of the tongue), without tip elevation (gestural fusion), confirming all hypotheses. In the quantitative analysis, it was observed that the typical productions differ from the parameter of ratio between anterior portion (AP) and posterior portion (PP); productions with semivocalization differ by height of PP, ratio between AP and PP and normalized ratio between AP and PP; and productions with substitution of /ɾ/[l] did not show significance in the adopted parameters. Conclusion: The alveolar liquid consonants of BP are complex segments, since two simultaneous gestures were observed. The posterior gesture of the tongue always was present in the productions.. The tongue ultrasound was sensitive to characterize the differences qualitatively (for all productions) and quantitatively (for typical productions and with semivocalization). It is suggested to combine the US analysis in the characterization of errors involving liquids in children with speech sound disorders.
Introduction: Although liquid consonants have been described as complex segments involved in the concomitant production of double articulatory gestures, tip and dorsum, and are commonly involved in phonological simplification processes, there are opposite arguments to this respect (Recasens, 2016), without a consensus in the literature. Objective: to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the typical production and simplification processes (substitution of non-lateral to lateral liquid, as well as substitution of non-lateral liquid by a semivowel) of alveolar liquids consonants from Brazilian Portuguese in children aged 4 to 9 years, based on ultrasound analysis. Based on evidence from previous studies, the hypotheses defined are: children’s typical productions would resemble adults’ productions, characterized by the presence of double gestures; the atypical productions, such as those involving the substitution processes of non-lateral liquids for a lateral one (/ɾ/ [l]) and semivocalization (/ɾ/[j]) are gestural changes of magnitude reduction and/or omission of one of the gestures and a gestural fusion, respectively. Methods: Sixty productions (US images and audios) from 10 children with typical production and 20 children with speech sound disorders (SSD) involving the aforementioned processes were selected from a database. Among the typical productions, 10 corresponded to the target production of [l] and 10 corresponded to the target production of [ɾ]. Among the atypical productions, 20 were related to the target productions of [l], 10 substitution errors of /ɾ/[l] and 10 substitution errors of /ɾ/[j]. Using the Sound Forge Pro 10 software, the frame related to the point of maximum tongue constriction of all samples was selected from the ultrasound images. Then, the images were arranged in pairs (ex: image of the point of maximum constriction for [l] (target) vs image of the point of maximum constriction for [ɾ] target and/or simplified). The 30 pairs of images were judged by 20 judges, using Fleiss' Kappa Coefficient to analyze the agreement between the judges. In the quantitative analysis, the parameters considered for analysis were: average height of the anterior portion (AP) of the tongue, average height of posterior portion (PP) of the tongue, ratio between anterior and posterior portion and normalized ratio between anterior and posterior portion of the tongue. Results: The typical productions were described as having double gestures (tip and dorsum) for both phonemes, with a higher tip and a more anterior dorsum to [ɾ] compared to [l]. In productions with substitution of /ɾ/[l], there was a very close pattern to typical productions for both phonemes, but with subtle magnitude differences in the tip elevation. For the substitution of /ɾ/ [j], there was only an elevation of medial portion of the tongue (body of the tongue), without tip elevation (gestural fusion), confirming all hypotheses. In the quantitative analysis, it was observed that the typical productions differ from the parameter of ratio between anterior portion (AP) and posterior portion (PP); productions with semivocalization differ by height of PP, ratio between AP and PP and normalized ratio between AP and PP; and productions with substitution of /ɾ/[l] did not show significance in the adopted parameters. Conclusion: The alveolar liquid consonants of BP are complex segments, since two simultaneous gestures were observed. The posterior gesture of the tongue always was present in the productions.. The tongue ultrasound was sensitive to characterize the differences qualitatively (for all productions) and quantitatively (for typical productions and with semivocalization). It is suggested to combine the US analysis in the characterization of errors involving liquids in children with speech sound disorders.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Fonética, Distúrbio dos sons da fala, Ultrassonografia, Phonetics, Speech sound disorders, Ultrasound