Framework para avaliação dos aspectos ambientais e sociais da gestão de resíduos de garrafas pet pós-consumo
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Data
2021-01-27
Autores
Martin, Eduardo José Pereira
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A problemática dos resíduos é uma questão atual que precisa ser tratada com relevância. Apesar de a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos ter sido instituída no ano de 2010, muito ainda tem que ser feito para seu pleno estabelecimento. Uma ferramenta que surgiu para potencializar a gestão de resíduos sólidos é Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida, porém sua utilização plena nos três pilares da sustentabilidade ainda é incipiente. Logo, este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer um framework para a realização de ACV e a ACV Social no momento em que a garrafa PET é descartada pelo usuário final, explorando alternativas que combinem a coleta seletiva convencional, utilização de Ecopontos e destinação final dos resíduos da garrafa PET não aproveitados para reciclagem. Este trabalho conseguiu atingir esse objetivo através de três objetivos específicos. O primeiro objetivo foi atingido através da revisão Estruturada da literatura onde foi possível mapear na literatura a aplicação da ACV dos resíduos de garrafa PET, evidenciando a lacuna de pesquisa e os fatores determinantes para a execução desta ferramenta. Esses fatores determinantes para a execução da ACV foram chamados de recomendações, e foram essas recomendações que serviram de entradas para a execução das ACV´s e estabelecimento dos Frameworks. O segundo objetivo específico foi atingido através do estabelecimento de dois Frameworks para avaliar os impactos ambientais e sociais. Essas estruturas foram aplicadas no estudo de caso da cidade de Bauru, onde foram avaliadas 9 alternativas de destinação dos resíduos das garrafas PET descartadas. Nesta análise é possível encontrar a alternativa mais sustentável para destinação dos resíduos de garrafa PET, bem como uma estrutura base para nortear trabalhos futuros quanto aos pilares ambiental e social, analisados separadamente. Por fim, o terceiro objetivo específico foi atingido através do estabelecimento de um framework de integração das avaliações do ciclo de vida quanto aos impactos ambientais e sociais, utilizando a metodologia AHP modificada. A modificação do AHP se deu pela utilização dos resultados normalizados das ACV ambiental e social aplicados ao Vetor de Eigen para o estabelecimento de pesos entre os elementos analisados (Cenários e Pilares). Os três frameworks desenvolvidos podem ser utilizados em cidades que buscam realizar uma gestão sustentável quanto aos seus resíduos sólidos urbanos, assim atendendo os princípios legais das legislações em vigor, e gerando processos mais eficientes.
The adequate waste disposal is a current issue that needs to be addressed. Although the advances of Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy settled in 2010, there is a long way to its fulfillment establishment. A tool that has emerged to enhance the management of solid waste is the Life Cycle Assessment. However, the use of the three pillars of sustainability in the LCA procedures is still incipient. Therefore, this work aimed to establish a framework for performing LCA and Social LCA at the time when the PET bottle is discarded by the end user, exploring alternatives that combine conventional selective collection, use of Ecopoints and final disposal. In order to achieve that, three specific objectives are established. The first objective was achieved through a systematic review of the literature where it was possible to map the application of the LCA of PET bottle waste, highlighting research gaps and the determining factors for the implementation of LCA. These determining factors for the execution of the LCA were called recommendations, and it was these recommendations that served as inputs for the execution of the LCAs and establishment of the Frameworks. The second specific objective was achieved through the establishment of two Frameworks to assess environmental and social impacts. These structures were applied in the case study of the city of Bauru, where 9 alternatives for the disposal of waste from discarded PET bottles were evaluated. In this analysis it is possible to find the most sustainable alternative for the disposal of PET bottle waste. Finally, the third specific objective was achieved through the establishment of a framework for the integration of LCA regarding environmental and social impacts, using the modified AHP methodology. The modification of the AHP was achieved using the normalized results of the environmental LCA and related to the Eigen Vector for the establishment of weights among the necessary elements (Scenarios and Pillars). The three frameworks developed can be used as a tool in cities that want to carry out sustainable management regarding its solid urban waste. Thus, complying with the legislation, and generating more efficient processes.
The adequate waste disposal is a current issue that needs to be addressed. Although the advances of Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy settled in 2010, there is a long way to its fulfillment establishment. A tool that has emerged to enhance the management of solid waste is the Life Cycle Assessment. However, the use of the three pillars of sustainability in the LCA procedures is still incipient. Therefore, this work aimed to establish a framework for performing LCA and Social LCA at the time when the PET bottle is discarded by the end user, exploring alternatives that combine conventional selective collection, use of Ecopoints and final disposal. In order to achieve that, three specific objectives are established. The first objective was achieved through a systematic review of the literature where it was possible to map the application of the LCA of PET bottle waste, highlighting research gaps and the determining factors for the implementation of LCA. These determining factors for the execution of the LCA were called recommendations, and it was these recommendations that served as inputs for the execution of the LCAs and establishment of the Frameworks. The second specific objective was achieved through the establishment of two Frameworks to assess environmental and social impacts. These structures were applied in the case study of the city of Bauru, where 9 alternatives for the disposal of waste from discarded PET bottles were evaluated. In this analysis it is possible to find the most sustainable alternative for the disposal of PET bottle waste. Finally, the third specific objective was achieved through the establishment of a framework for the integration of LCA regarding environmental and social impacts, using the modified AHP methodology. The modification of the AHP was achieved using the normalized results of the environmental LCA and related to the Eigen Vector for the establishment of weights among the necessary elements (Scenarios and Pillars). The three frameworks developed can be used as a tool in cities that want to carry out sustainable management regarding its solid urban waste. Thus, complying with the legislation, and generating more efficient processes.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida, Integração, PET, ACV Social, AHP, Life cycle assessment, Integration