Do “moderno” ao precário mundo do trabalho no setor portuário brasileiro: as contradições da ofensiva do capital
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Data
2021-01-22
Autores
Barros, Thiago Pereira de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta tese de doutorado teve como objetivo compreender o trabalho portuário no país frente a recente atuação do capital nos portos, buscando entender as condições de trabalho e os reflexos das estratégias de controle do capital nesse setor, sobretudo alicerçado no processo de modernização portuária e seus significados para os trabalhadores, sejam os avulsos ou vinculados. Paralelamente, examinamos as ações e políticas do Estado nesse processo. Tivemos, enquanto recorte espacial de pesquisa dois modelos portuários distintos, o Porto Organizado de Santos, tipo landlord port, e o Terminal Privativo do Pecém, terminal em que tanto a autoridade portuária quanto a operação estão sob controle da iniciativa privada. A modernização portuária no Brasil teve como marco a Lei no8.630/93, inserindo modificações no setor, entre elas, criou a Autoridade Portuária, o Conselho de Autoridade Portuária e os Operadores Portuários os quais estabeleceram, em cada Porto Organizado (PO), um Órgão Gestor de Mão de Obra, acabando com o closed shop. Ou seja, com o controle da intermediação da mão de obra dos sindicato dos trabalhadores avulsos. Assim como, iniciou o processo de privatização dos terminais portuários dentro do PO e de autorizações para instalação do novo modelo de exploração nos portos, o Terminal de Uso Privado. O Terminal do Pecém nasceu neste contexto de um novo modelo portuário, isto é, um terminal privado da administração a operação. Com diferenças significativas no que tange obrigações fiscais, tributárias, contratação da força de trabalho etc., em relação ao PO. A tese defendida, neste sentido, é de que a expansão do capital nos portos, via modernização, está relacionada com a vigência do neoliberalismo no contexto do capitalismo atual, e consequentemente com a própria expansão do capital. Quer dizer, a modernização portuária comparece como a privatização e ampliação da reprodução do capital no setor. Sendo que, o estudo de tese revelou que os territórios de expansão do capital, diante da modernização/privatização, são áreas já consolidadas/existentes como o PO de Santos; locais construídos com financiamento público dentro do novo modelo de exploração portuária, a exemplo do TUP do Pecém; ou ainda outras localidades em processo ou futura construção. Mas os efeitos da modernização portuária também consiste na continuidade e na intensificação do trabalho, ou melhor, da precarização e flexibilização do trabalho portuário. Bem como, na tentativa de fragmentação e fragilização das resistências individuais e coletivas dos trabalhadores portuários, seja impondo a lógica do colaborador, desestabilizando relações dentro dos sindicatos ou mediante ao desmonte dos direitos sociais e laborais historicamente conquistados. Desta forma, compreendemos que os preceitos da modernização dos portos, seus significados concretos e imateriais para os trabalhadores apresentam-se como a precarização das relações de trabalho nos portos frente a dinâmica sociometabólica do capital.
This doctoral thesis had as an objective to understand the docker’s work in the country in face of the recente performance of capital in ports, seeking to understand the working conditions and the reflexes of capital control strategies in this sector, mainly based on the port modernization process and its meanings for dockworkers, whether casual or formal. At the same time, we examine the state actions and policies in this process. We had, as a spatial cut of research two distinct port models, the Organized Port of Santos, such as landlord port, and the Private Terminal of Pecém, terminal where both the port authority and the operation are under the control of the private sector. The port modernization in Brazil had as a mark the law no8.630/93, inserting modifications in the sector, among them, created the Port Authority, the Port Authority Council and Port Operators who established, in each Organized Port (PO), a Work Management Agency (OGMO) ending the closed shop. In other words, with the control of the labor intermediation of the port casual workers ́unions. As well as, the process of privatization of port terminals started within the PO and of authorizations for the installation of the new exploration model in the ports, the Private Use Terminal. The Terminal of Pecém emerged in this new port model context, that is, a private terminal from administration to operation. With significant differences in terms of tax, tax obligations, hiring of the workforce, etc., in relation to the PO. The thesis defended, in this sense, is that the expansion of capital in ports, via modernization, is related to the existence of neoliberalism in the context of the current capitalism, and consequently to the expansion of capital itself. It means, port modernization appears as the privatization and expansion of capital reproduction in the sector. Since, the thesis study revealed that the capital expansion territories in face of modernization/privatization, are already consolidated/existing areas, such as the PO of Santos; places built with public funding within the new port exploitation model, such as the TUP of Pecém; or other locations in process or future construction. But the effects of port modernization also consist of the continuity and intensification of work, or rather, the precariousness and flexibilization of docker’s work. As well as, in an attempt to fragment and weaken individual and collective resistance of dockworkers, either by imposing the logic of the employee, destabilizing relation within the unions or by dismantling the social and labor rights historically conquered. Thus, we understand that the precepts of port modernization, their concrete and immaterial meanings for workers present itselves as the precariousness of labor relations in ports in face of the sociometabolic dynamics of capital.
This doctoral thesis had as an objective to understand the docker’s work in the country in face of the recente performance of capital in ports, seeking to understand the working conditions and the reflexes of capital control strategies in this sector, mainly based on the port modernization process and its meanings for dockworkers, whether casual or formal. At the same time, we examine the state actions and policies in this process. We had, as a spatial cut of research two distinct port models, the Organized Port of Santos, such as landlord port, and the Private Terminal of Pecém, terminal where both the port authority and the operation are under the control of the private sector. The port modernization in Brazil had as a mark the law no8.630/93, inserting modifications in the sector, among them, created the Port Authority, the Port Authority Council and Port Operators who established, in each Organized Port (PO), a Work Management Agency (OGMO) ending the closed shop. In other words, with the control of the labor intermediation of the port casual workers ́unions. As well as, the process of privatization of port terminals started within the PO and of authorizations for the installation of the new exploration model in the ports, the Private Use Terminal. The Terminal of Pecém emerged in this new port model context, that is, a private terminal from administration to operation. With significant differences in terms of tax, tax obligations, hiring of the workforce, etc., in relation to the PO. The thesis defended, in this sense, is that the expansion of capital in ports, via modernization, is related to the existence of neoliberalism in the context of the current capitalism, and consequently to the expansion of capital itself. It means, port modernization appears as the privatization and expansion of capital reproduction in the sector. Since, the thesis study revealed that the capital expansion territories in face of modernization/privatization, are already consolidated/existing areas, such as the PO of Santos; places built with public funding within the new port exploitation model, such as the TUP of Pecém; or other locations in process or future construction. But the effects of port modernization also consist of the continuity and intensification of work, or rather, the precariousness and flexibilization of docker’s work. As well as, in an attempt to fragment and weaken individual and collective resistance of dockworkers, either by imposing the logic of the employee, destabilizing relation within the unions or by dismantling the social and labor rights historically conquered. Thus, we understand that the precepts of port modernization, their concrete and immaterial meanings for workers present itselves as the precariousness of labor relations in ports in face of the sociometabolic dynamics of capital.
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Palavras-chave
Modernização portuária, Trabalho portuário, Capital, Precarização do trabalho, Sindicalismo, Neoliberalismo, Port modernization, Docker’s work, Precarious work, Unionism, Neoliberalism