Consumo de amido ou gordura sobre a digestibilidade, metabolismo energético e saúde de jabutis (Chelonoidis carbonaria)
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Data
2021-06-25
Autores
Di Santo, Ludmilla Geraldo [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Jabutis são répteis que, em cativeiro, comumente apresentam desordens metabólicas como a lipidose hepática, em decorrência de dietas desbalanceadas e com elevado teor energético. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros nutricionais, metabolismo energético e relacionados à saúde geral com enfoque no tecido hepático de jabutis adultos alimentados com rações extrusadas com elevados teores de amido ou gordura comparadas com dieta Controle contendo alta fibra. Foram utilizados 44 jabutis adultos, machos e fêmeas, distribuídos em três rações extrusadas (Controle, Amido e Gordura), totalizando 15 repetições (jabutis) por tratamento, exceto na dieta Amido (14 jabutis) devido ao óbito de um animal durante a adaptação. O período experimental teve duração de 19 meses, e incluiu: coleta de sangue para análises bioquímicas, do metabolismo de gordura e hematológicas nos dias 4 (basal), 183 e 369 (final); biopsia hepática em 18 jabutis para avaliação histopatológica basal (dias 1 a 3) e final (366 a 368); avaliação da preferência alimentar nos dias 5 a 19 (avaliação individual) e 575 a 587 (avaliação coletiva); avaliação do tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, ensaio de digestibilidade e determinação de ácidos graxos voláteis, lactato, amônia e pH fecal (dia 120 a 270); determinação do gasto energético de repouso por respirometria (dias 423 ao 437); avaliação do gasto energético diário, composição de água corporal e fluxo de água corporal pelo método da água duplamente marcada - DLW (dias 60 a 75 – basal; dias 447 ao 469 - final); determinação da composição corporal pelo DEXA (dias 366 a 368) e dos teores de lipoproteínas plasmáticas (dias 572 a 573). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P < 0,05). A digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, amido, extrato etéreo e da energia foi maior na dieta Amido (P<,0001), sendo que o extrato etéreo foi em grande parte eliminado nas fezes. Os produtos de fermentação intestinal microbiana não diferiram entre as dietas experimentais (P>0,05), mas apresentaram valores abaixo ao encontrado em répteis herbívoros fermentadores como a iguana. O consumo de fibra digestível foi maior na dieta Controle, de amido digestível na dieta Amido e de extrato etéreo digestível na Gordura (P<0,05), mas não houve diferenças quanto a energia digestível. Todos esses fatores culminaram no crescimento do animal e ganho de peso ao longo do período experimental, sendo semelhante entre as dietas. Parâmetros hematológicos e de bioquímica sérica encontram-se dentro dos valores de referência, em geral, não houve efeito de dieta (P>0,05), mas sim de sexo e período (P<0,05). A ração Amido proporcionou maiores teores nas enzimas hepáticas e nos valores de colesterol sérico, lipoproteínas HDL e LDL para os machos. As lipoproteínas mantiveram o padrão de composição de colesterol e triglicerídeos semelhantes ao encontrados em mamíferos e foram influenciadas pela vitelogênese das fêmeas. Apesar do baixo aproveitamento do extrato etéreo, a ração Gordura proporcionou maiores teores de VLDL carreadoras de triglicerídeos e colesterol nas fêmeas, acompanhada por elevadas concentrações totais de triglicérides (P<0,05). Já a fração LDL colesterol e triglicérides teve elevações vinculadas ao consumo da dieta Controle. Ao exame histopatológico houve redução na esteatose hepática, mas alterações como hemossiderose, aumento em melanomacrófagos e deposição de lipofucsina foram presentes nas amostras do período final. Houve efeito de dieta na presença de lipofucsina com esta em menor grau na dieta Amido (P=0,021). Composição corporal avaliada pelo DEXA indicou menor densidade mineral óssea e conteúdo mineral nas fêmeas, além de apresentar maior massa magra (P<0,001). Ao utilizar DLW, não houve efeito da dieta na avaliação da composição corporal. A produção de CO2 e o gasto energético foram maiores no período basal (P<0,05) por influência da temperatura ambiental mais elevada acrescida do maior peso corporal. O fluxo de água corporal foi constante independente de dieta e período (P>0,05). O gasto energético pela calorimetria indireta, foi semelhante entre as dietas e menor ao encontrado pela DLW. Como a gordura da dieta foi eliminada nas fezes em quase sua totalidade não houve efeito desse substrato nos parâmetros de saúde e metabolismo. A manutenção da composição corporal independente de dieta proporcionou gasto energético com restrição de atividade, ao início do período digestivo, de 9,68±1,04 kJ/kg/dia e ao considerar os animais sob atividade muscular e reprodutiva de 22,86±2,30 kJ/kg/dia.
Tortoises are reptiles that, in captivity, commonly exhibit metabolic disorders such as hepatic lipidosis, due to unbalanced diets with high energy content. The present study had as objectives to evaluate the nutritional parameters, energy metabolism and general health with emphasis on the hepatic tissue of adult red-footed-tortoises fed with three extruded feeds with high levels of starch or fat, compared to the control diet containing high levels of fiber. Forty-four adults tortoises were used, males and females, distributed in three extruded feeds (Control, Starch and Fat), totalizing 15 repetitions (tortoises) per treatment, except for the Starch diet (14 tortoises) because one animal died during the adaptation period. The experimental period lasted 19 months, and included: blood samples collection for biochemical, fat metabolism and hematologic analysis on day 4 (baseline), 183 and 369 (final); hepatic biopsy of 18 tortoises for histopathologic evaluation at days 1 to 3 (baseline) and at days 366 to 368 (final); evaluation of feed preferences of the experimental feeds at days 5 and 19 (individual evaluation) and at days 575 and 587 (collective evaluation); evaluation of gastrointestinal transit time, digestibility assay, and volatile fatty acids, lactate, ammonia and faeces pH (days 120 to 270); resting energy expenditure determination by respirometry (days 423 to 437); determination of daily energy expenditure, body water composition and body water flux using the double labelled water – DLW (baseline: days 60 to 75; final: days 447 to 469); determination of body composition using DEXA (days 366 to 368) and levels of plasmatic lipoproteins (days 572 to 573). Data was submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey’s test (P < 0,05). Dry matter, organic matter, starch, ether extract and energy digestibility were higher in the Starch diet (P<,0001), wherein the fat was not well used and most of it was eliminated in the faeces. The microbial intestinal fermentation products were similar among the diets (P>0,05), but presented lower values than ruminants and other fermentative herbivorous reptiles such as iguanas. The intake of digestible fiber was higher in Control diet, digestible starch in Starch diet and fat in the Fat diet (P<0,05), but there were no differences regarding the digestible energy. All these factors culminated in the animal's growth and weight gain throughout the x experimental period, being similar among diets. The haematological and serum biochemistry parameters were within the reference values, overall, there was no effect of diet, but of sex and period (P>0,05). The Starch diet provided higher levels of hepatic enzymes and serum cholesterol, HDL, and LDL lipoproteins for the males. The lipoproteins maintained the pattern of cholesterol and triglyceride composition like those found in mammals and were influenced by vitellogenesis of females. Despite the low utilization of fat, the Fat diet resulted in higher levels of VLDL carrier of triglycerides and cholesterol in the females, followed by higher total concentration of triglycerides (P<0,05). Regarding the cholesterol and triglycerides LDL fraction, there was an increase linked to the consumption of the Control diet. The histopathological evaluation made possible to verify a decrease in the hepatic steatosis, but alterations, such as hemosiderosis, increase in melanomacrophages and lipofuscin deposition increased in the final period samples. There was diet effect regarding the presence of lipofuscin, having a lesser extent in the Starch diet (P=0,021). The body composition evaluated by DEXA shown lower bone mineral density and mineral content in females, in addition to presenting greater lean mass (P<0,001). In the DLW analysis, there was no effect of the diet on the assessment of body composition. The CO2 production and energy expenditure were higher at baseline (P<0,05) due to the higher environmental temperature associated with greater body weight. The body water flux was constant regardless the diet or period (P>0,05). The energy expenditure, accessed by the indirect calorimetry, was similar among diets, but it was lower compared to DLW. As the diet fat was eliminated in the faeces almost in its totality, there was no effect of this substrate on health and metabolism parameters. The maintenance of body composition, regardless of diet, provided an energy expenditure, with activity restriction and at the beginning of the digestive period, of 9,68±1,04 kJ/kg/day, and, when considering the animal under muscular and reproductive activity, of 22,86±2,30 kJ/kg/day.
Tortoises are reptiles that, in captivity, commonly exhibit metabolic disorders such as hepatic lipidosis, due to unbalanced diets with high energy content. The present study had as objectives to evaluate the nutritional parameters, energy metabolism and general health with emphasis on the hepatic tissue of adult red-footed-tortoises fed with three extruded feeds with high levels of starch or fat, compared to the control diet containing high levels of fiber. Forty-four adults tortoises were used, males and females, distributed in three extruded feeds (Control, Starch and Fat), totalizing 15 repetitions (tortoises) per treatment, except for the Starch diet (14 tortoises) because one animal died during the adaptation period. The experimental period lasted 19 months, and included: blood samples collection for biochemical, fat metabolism and hematologic analysis on day 4 (baseline), 183 and 369 (final); hepatic biopsy of 18 tortoises for histopathologic evaluation at days 1 to 3 (baseline) and at days 366 to 368 (final); evaluation of feed preferences of the experimental feeds at days 5 and 19 (individual evaluation) and at days 575 and 587 (collective evaluation); evaluation of gastrointestinal transit time, digestibility assay, and volatile fatty acids, lactate, ammonia and faeces pH (days 120 to 270); resting energy expenditure determination by respirometry (days 423 to 437); determination of daily energy expenditure, body water composition and body water flux using the double labelled water – DLW (baseline: days 60 to 75; final: days 447 to 469); determination of body composition using DEXA (days 366 to 368) and levels of plasmatic lipoproteins (days 572 to 573). Data was submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey’s test (P < 0,05). Dry matter, organic matter, starch, ether extract and energy digestibility were higher in the Starch diet (P<,0001), wherein the fat was not well used and most of it was eliminated in the faeces. The microbial intestinal fermentation products were similar among the diets (P>0,05), but presented lower values than ruminants and other fermentative herbivorous reptiles such as iguanas. The intake of digestible fiber was higher in Control diet, digestible starch in Starch diet and fat in the Fat diet (P<0,05), but there were no differences regarding the digestible energy. All these factors culminated in the animal's growth and weight gain throughout the x experimental period, being similar among diets. The haematological and serum biochemistry parameters were within the reference values, overall, there was no effect of diet, but of sex and period (P>0,05). The Starch diet provided higher levels of hepatic enzymes and serum cholesterol, HDL, and LDL lipoproteins for the males. The lipoproteins maintained the pattern of cholesterol and triglyceride composition like those found in mammals and were influenced by vitellogenesis of females. Despite the low utilization of fat, the Fat diet resulted in higher levels of VLDL carrier of triglycerides and cholesterol in the females, followed by higher total concentration of triglycerides (P<0,05). Regarding the cholesterol and triglycerides LDL fraction, there was an increase linked to the consumption of the Control diet. The histopathological evaluation made possible to verify a decrease in the hepatic steatosis, but alterations, such as hemosiderosis, increase in melanomacrophages and lipofuscin deposition increased in the final period samples. There was diet effect regarding the presence of lipofuscin, having a lesser extent in the Starch diet (P=0,021). The body composition evaluated by DEXA shown lower bone mineral density and mineral content in females, in addition to presenting greater lean mass (P<0,001). In the DLW analysis, there was no effect of the diet on the assessment of body composition. The CO2 production and energy expenditure were higher at baseline (P<0,05) due to the higher environmental temperature associated with greater body weight. The body water flux was constant regardless the diet or period (P>0,05). The energy expenditure, accessed by the indirect calorimetry, was similar among diets, but it was lower compared to DLW. As the diet fat was eliminated in the faeces almost in its totality, there was no effect of this substrate on health and metabolism parameters. The maintenance of body composition, regardless of diet, provided an energy expenditure, with activity restriction and at the beginning of the digestive period, of 9,68±1,04 kJ/kg/day, and, when considering the animal under muscular and reproductive activity, of 22,86±2,30 kJ/kg/day.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Nutrição animal, Distúrbios da nutrição em animais, Lipoproteínas plasmáticas, Gasto Energético