Inserção de sistemas de gaseificação na estrutura de otimização integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos
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Data
2021-07-16
Autores
Mollica, Gustavo José Gonçalves [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A forma de disposição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos tem se tornado assunto de grande importância devido, principalmente, a uma maior preocupação com a sustentabilidade ambiental e as consequências de uma disposição incorreta tanto para o meio ambiente quanto para a saúde humana. Dentre as possíveis formas de disposição/tratamento desse material destacam-se as tecnologias de aproveitamento energético, ou como são conhecidas, tecnologias Waste to Energy (WtE), a reciclagem, compostagem/tratamento biológico e os aterros sanitários. A gestão integrada dos resíduos é papel do gestor público dos municípios no Brasil, e assim é importante que ele possua dados que substanciem as suas decisões a fim de elaborar planos que melhor se adequem à situação local. Da literatura destaca-se, em especial, um modelo capaz de realizar a otimização de diferentes rotas tecnológicas de disposição/tratamento de resíduos utilizando tecnologias consolidadas para o processamento deste material. O papel desta pesquisa é estender o modelo citado de forma a abranger uma tecnologia que tem se apresentado mais atrativa tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto energético e tem como objetivo a inserção de um ciclo combinado com gaseificação integrada neste modelo de otimização, visando avaliar a decisão sobre as melhores rotas de processamento de resíduo. Para tanto, foi necessário desenvolver um modelo de gaseificação de resíduos sólidos urbanos para prever a composição do gás de síntese gerado neste processo. Com os dados obtidos se inseriu esta tecnologia na superestrutura de tratamento térmico, optou-se também por se considerar além do transporte dos resíduos orgânicos e líquidos, o transporte de resíduos sólidos. A partir da modelagem verificou-se que a receita financeira global das plantas de processamento melhora quando as plantas menores se restringem a um uso mínimo da superestrutura térmica, sendo a gaseificação escolhida para as plantas maiores. Verifica-se também que há uma atratividade consideravelmente maior para o caso com gaseificação e transporte de resíduos sólidos, obtendo-se paybacks de até nove anos para o cenário mais provável sem o auxílio de subsídios, VPL de 2 bilhões e TIR de 20,32%. Ao se considerar a inclusão da taxa de tratamento de resíduos, os resultados se tornam significativamente melhores, aumentando a atratividade das plantas de processamento.
The way of disposal of solid urban waste has become a matter of great importance due mainly to a greater concern with environmental sustainability and the consequences of incorrect disposal both for the environment and for human health. Among the possible ways of disposal/treatment of this material, the technologies of energy use stand out, or as they are known, technologies of waste to energy (WtE), recycling, composting/biological treatment and landfills. Integrated waste management is the role of the public manager of municipalities in Brazil, and so it is important that they have data to substantiate their decisions in order to develop plans that best suit the local situation. From the literature, it stands out, a model capable of optimizing different technological routes of disposal/treatment of waste using consolidated technologies for the processing of this material. The role of this research is to extend the aforementioned model to include a technology that has been presenting itself as more attractive from both an environmental and an energetic point of view and it aims to insert a combined cycle with gasification integrated with this optimization model, to evaluate the decision on the best waste processing routes. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a gasification model for solid urban waste to predict the composition of the gas generated in this process. With the data obtained, this technology was inserted in the heat treatment superstructure; it was also chosen to consider, in addition to the transport of solid and liquid waste, the transport of solid waste. From the modelling, it was verified that the global income of the plants when improving the smaller plants is restricted to minimum use of the thermal superstructure, being the gasification chosen for the bigger plants. It is also verified that there is a considerably greater attractiveness for the case with gasification and transportation of solid waste, obtaining paybacks of up to 9 years for the most likely scenario without the aid of subsidies, NPV of 2 billion and IRR of 20.32 %. When considering the inclusion of the waste treatment fee, the results become significantly better, increasing the attractiveness of the plants.
The way of disposal of solid urban waste has become a matter of great importance due mainly to a greater concern with environmental sustainability and the consequences of incorrect disposal both for the environment and for human health. Among the possible ways of disposal/treatment of this material, the technologies of energy use stand out, or as they are known, technologies of waste to energy (WtE), recycling, composting/biological treatment and landfills. Integrated waste management is the role of the public manager of municipalities in Brazil, and so it is important that they have data to substantiate their decisions in order to develop plans that best suit the local situation. From the literature, it stands out, a model capable of optimizing different technological routes of disposal/treatment of waste using consolidated technologies for the processing of this material. The role of this research is to extend the aforementioned model to include a technology that has been presenting itself as more attractive from both an environmental and an energetic point of view and it aims to insert a combined cycle with gasification integrated with this optimization model, to evaluate the decision on the best waste processing routes. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a gasification model for solid urban waste to predict the composition of the gas generated in this process. With the data obtained, this technology was inserted in the heat treatment superstructure; it was also chosen to consider, in addition to the transport of solid and liquid waste, the transport of solid waste. From the modelling, it was verified that the global income of the plants when improving the smaller plants is restricted to minimum use of the thermal superstructure, being the gasification chosen for the bigger plants. It is also verified that there is a considerably greater attractiveness for the case with gasification and transportation of solid waste, obtaining paybacks of up to 9 years for the most likely scenario without the aid of subsidies, NPV of 2 billion and IRR of 20.32 %. When considering the inclusion of the waste treatment fee, the results become significantly better, increasing the attractiveness of the plants.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Gaseificação, Resíduo sólido urbano, Otimização, Processamento de resíduos., Gasification, Municipal solid waste, Optimization, Waste management, Resíduos sólidos, Sustentabilidade, Otimização combinatória