Análise da eficiência energética de um carro elétrico na cidade de São Paulo.
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Data
2021-08-05
Autores
Bastos, Renato Antunes
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O dióxido de gás carbono (CO2) representa um risco para o meio ambiente e para a saúde da população. A sua elevada concentração na atmosfera acarreta o aumento dos gases de efeito estufa, que colaboram para o aquecimento do planeta. O setor dos transportes é o maior contribuidor para esse cenário atualmente. Isso se dá em razão ao elevado número de veículos presentes nos centros urbanos, e à sua grande dependência na queima dos combustíveis fósseis para gerar energia. Dessa forma, os veículos elétricos vêm se tornando uma alternativa de transporte sustentável para diminuir a emissão dos gases CO2 na atmosfera, pois utilizam as baterias como fonte de energia em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis. Porém, no Brasil, o uso dessa tecnologia ainda é pouco difundido, mesmo o país possuindo a 6ª maior frota de veículos do mundo. As principais razões são o alto custo dos veículos e a sua restrita autonomia. O trabalho tem como principal objetivo determinar o consumo de energia (kWh/km) de um veículo elétrico para a cidade de São Paulo, que é o maior centro urbano do Brasil e a principal fonte de emissão de gases CO2 para o setor dos transportes. Os resultados obtidos são comparados a outros países, a fim de confirmar a viabilidade de implementação do modelo na região. De forma geral, o trabalho é dividido em duas etapas. A primeira delas consiste na obtenção dos ciclos de velocidade para a cidade de São Paulo (SP-1, SP-2 e SP-3) e outros países, de acordo com as suas características de trânsito. Enquanto a segunda etapa utiliza um software de simulação computacional para medir o consumo de energia do veículo elétrico a partir dos ciclos de velocidade definidos. O SP-3, que representa um baixo índice de trânsito em São Paulo, resultou em um consumo do veículo elétrico de 0,10 kWh/km e uma autonomia de 323 km, o que o torna o ciclo de velocidade mais eficiente do trabalho. Já o SP-1 e o SP-2, que retratam um maior índice de trânsito na cidade, apresentaram um respectivo consumo de 0,12 kWh/km / 0,14 kWh/km e uma autonomia de 272 km / 235 km. Apesar de serem inferior ao SP-3, eles ainda assim possuem melhor desempenho, que outros ciclos de velocidade do trabalho. Portanto, é possível constatar ao fim das análises que os veículos elétricos são uma alternativa de transporte satisfatória para a cidade de São Paulo do ponto de visto do consumo energético. E, ainda, que vale a pena ser investidos novos esforços para o seu crescimento na região.
Carbon dioxide emissions represents a risk for the environment and the wellness of the population in large urban areas. The high concentration of CO2 gases in the atmosphere results in the increase of the greenhouse effect and consequently to the global warming of the planet. The transport segment is one of the key contributors for this scenario, mainly because of the high number of vehicles concentrated in urban enviroments and its great dependency on burning fossil fuels to propel the vehicles. In many countries, electric cars (BEV) have already become an important transport alternative to reduce CO2 gases emission, since they use batteries as a source of energy instead of petroleum derived fuels. However, in Brazil the use of this technology is still very limited, even though the country presents the 6th largest automotive fleet of the world. The main reasons are because of the high cost of electric cars locally and the vehicle’s low autonomy in kilometers. The objective of this project is to measure the energy consumption (kWh/km) of an electrical vehicle, assuming São Paulo city traffic characteristics, which is the largest urban area in Brazil and the main CO2 source of transportation segment. The results obtained are also compared against other countries, to confirm the vehicle implementation feasibility in the region. Therefore, the work is divided in two different stages. The first one consists in obtaining the drive cycles for São Paulo city (SP-1, SP-2 and SP-3) and other countries, according to their traffic aspects. The second stage uses computer simulation, to measure the electric vehicle's energy efficiency based on the drive cycles behaviour. SP-3, which represents a low traffic rate in São Paulo, resulted in an energy consumption of 0.10 kWh/km and an autonomy of 323 km, which makes it the most efficient cycle in the work. On the other hand, SP-1 and SP-2, which represents a higher traffic rate, had a larger energy consumption of 0.12 kWh/km / 0.14 kWh/km and a lower autonomy range of 272 km / 235 km. Despite being inferior to SP-3, they still present a better performance than several others drive cycles considered in this work. So, it is possible to define at the end of the analysis, that electric vehicles are a satisfactory transport alternative for São Paulo city, regarding the energy consumption point of view. And, it is still worth investing new efforts for its growth in the region.
Carbon dioxide emissions represents a risk for the environment and the wellness of the population in large urban areas. The high concentration of CO2 gases in the atmosphere results in the increase of the greenhouse effect and consequently to the global warming of the planet. The transport segment is one of the key contributors for this scenario, mainly because of the high number of vehicles concentrated in urban enviroments and its great dependency on burning fossil fuels to propel the vehicles. In many countries, electric cars (BEV) have already become an important transport alternative to reduce CO2 gases emission, since they use batteries as a source of energy instead of petroleum derived fuels. However, in Brazil the use of this technology is still very limited, even though the country presents the 6th largest automotive fleet of the world. The main reasons are because of the high cost of electric cars locally and the vehicle’s low autonomy in kilometers. The objective of this project is to measure the energy consumption (kWh/km) of an electrical vehicle, assuming São Paulo city traffic characteristics, which is the largest urban area in Brazil and the main CO2 source of transportation segment. The results obtained are also compared against other countries, to confirm the vehicle implementation feasibility in the region. Therefore, the work is divided in two different stages. The first one consists in obtaining the drive cycles for São Paulo city (SP-1, SP-2 and SP-3) and other countries, according to their traffic aspects. The second stage uses computer simulation, to measure the electric vehicle's energy efficiency based on the drive cycles behaviour. SP-3, which represents a low traffic rate in São Paulo, resulted in an energy consumption of 0.10 kWh/km and an autonomy of 323 km, which makes it the most efficient cycle in the work. On the other hand, SP-1 and SP-2, which represents a higher traffic rate, had a larger energy consumption of 0.12 kWh/km / 0.14 kWh/km and a lower autonomy range of 272 km / 235 km. Despite being inferior to SP-3, they still present a better performance than several others drive cycles considered in this work. So, it is possible to define at the end of the analysis, that electric vehicles are a satisfactory transport alternative for São Paulo city, regarding the energy consumption point of view. And, it is still worth investing new efforts for its growth in the region.
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Palavras-chave
Veículos elétricos, Características de trânsito da cidade de São Paulo., Dados de GPS, Simulação computacional., Battery electrical vehicles, São Paulo city traffic characteristics, GPS data, Software simulation, Simulação (computadores digitais), GPS (Linguagem de programação de computador)