Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of Elaphropterini (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae, Thynninae)
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Data
2021-09-17
Autores
Carnimeo, Fernando Henrique
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Thynninae, subfamília mais especiosa de Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata), é atualmente dividida em quatro tribos: Scotaenini, Elaphropterini (ambas exclusivamente Neotropicais), Thynnini (exclusivamente Australásica) e Rhagigasterini (que possui representantes em ambas regiões). Elaphropterini apresenta 14 gêneros e 94 espécies, porém, além de não ter sido formalmente descrita, é tradicionalmente definida através de caracteres diagnósticos ambíguos e pouco objetivos, o que coloca em dúvida a validade da tribo. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise filogenética de Elaphropterini, utilizando-se enfoque cladístico e pesagem implícita, a partir de 166 caracteres morfológicos, a fim de se testar a validade da mesma e elucidar seus relacionamentos intergenéricos e interespecíficos. Foram utilizadas 49 espécies de 12 gêneros de Elaphropterini no grupo interno e 14 representantes das demais tribos de Thynninae no grupo externo. A monofilia de Elaphropterini foi recuperada em uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa, suportada por sinapomorfias exclusivas. O mesmo pôde ser observado para a maioria dos gêneros, com excessão de Telephoromyia, mas apesar disso, algumas relações inter-genéricas apresentaram baixo suporte e grande quantidade de homoplasias. Espécimes não identificados utilizados neste trabalho foram descritos em quatro novas espécies: Atopothynnus tumidus sp. nov., Mesothynnus quadratus sp. nov., Mesothynnus sulcatus sp. nov. e Mesothynnus unidentatus sp. nov. A partir desses resultados, foram realizadas as análises biogeográficas BPA e S-DIVA para se entender a origem e distribuição da tribo na América do Sul. As análises biogrográficas realizadas basearam-se na distribuição de Elaphropterini e seus grupos externos em cinco bioregiões: Paraná, Patagônia, Páramo, Puna e Australasia. Os resultados de BPA indicaram uma relação mais antiga entre Australasia e as outras regiões Sul Americanas e uma relação mais recente entre Paraná e Patagônia. Já através de S-DIVA foi possível identificar Paraná como bioregião de origem para Elaphropterini, com eventos de vicariância e dispersão possivelmente associados ao soerguimento da Cordilheira dos Andes, transgressões marinhas, e surgimento de diagonais secas que moldaram a distribuição atual da tribo.
Thynninae, the most species-rich subfamily of Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata), is currently divided between four tribes: Scotaenini, Elaphropterini (both exclusively Neotropical), Thynnini (exclusively Australasian) and Rhagigasterini (present in both regions). Elaphropterini encompasses 14 genera and 94 species, however, the tribe was never formally described and is traditionally defined by ambiguous and unobjectives diagnostic characters, putting in doubt the tribe’s validity. Therefore, the present study had as objective to perform a phylogenetic analysis of Elaphropterini, which was done under a cladistic approach, using implied weighting, from a 166 morphological characters matrix, in order to test the tribe’s validity and elucidate its generic and specific relationships. A total of 49 species from 12 Elaphropterini genera were used as ingroups and 14 species represented the other Thynninae tribes as outgroups. Elaphropterini’s monophyly was recovered from a single most parsimonious tree, supported by unequivocal synapomorphies. The same could be observed for most genera, except Telephoromyia, but despite that, some of the generic relationships presented low support value and several homoplastic synapomorphies. Unidentified specimens used in this study were described in four new species: Atopothynnus tumidus sp. nov., Mesothynnus quadratus sp. nov., Mesothynnus sulcatus sp. nov. and Mesothynnus unidentatus sp. nov. From these results, biogeographic analyses were performed (BPA and S-DIVA) in order to clarify the origin and distribution of the tribe in South America. These analyses were based on the distribution of Elaphropterini and its outgroups through five bioregions: Paraná, Patagônia, Páramo, Puna and Australasia. BPA results indicated older relationship between Australasia and the South American regions, and more recent relationship between Paraná and Patagônia. With S-DIVA it was possible to identify Paraná as the origin bioregion of Elaphropterini, where vicariance and dispersal events possibly associated with the Andes uprising, marine transgressions and formation of dry lowlands shaped the current distribution of the tribe.
Thynninae, the most species-rich subfamily of Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata), is currently divided between four tribes: Scotaenini, Elaphropterini (both exclusively Neotropical), Thynnini (exclusively Australasian) and Rhagigasterini (present in both regions). Elaphropterini encompasses 14 genera and 94 species, however, the tribe was never formally described and is traditionally defined by ambiguous and unobjectives diagnostic characters, putting in doubt the tribe’s validity. Therefore, the present study had as objective to perform a phylogenetic analysis of Elaphropterini, which was done under a cladistic approach, using implied weighting, from a 166 morphological characters matrix, in order to test the tribe’s validity and elucidate its generic and specific relationships. A total of 49 species from 12 Elaphropterini genera were used as ingroups and 14 species represented the other Thynninae tribes as outgroups. Elaphropterini’s monophyly was recovered from a single most parsimonious tree, supported by unequivocal synapomorphies. The same could be observed for most genera, except Telephoromyia, but despite that, some of the generic relationships presented low support value and several homoplastic synapomorphies. Unidentified specimens used in this study were described in four new species: Atopothynnus tumidus sp. nov., Mesothynnus quadratus sp. nov., Mesothynnus sulcatus sp. nov. and Mesothynnus unidentatus sp. nov. From these results, biogeographic analyses were performed (BPA and S-DIVA) in order to clarify the origin and distribution of the tribe in South America. These analyses were based on the distribution of Elaphropterini and its outgroups through five bioregions: Paraná, Patagônia, Páramo, Puna and Australasia. BPA results indicated older relationship between Australasia and the South American regions, and more recent relationship between Paraná and Patagônia. With S-DIVA it was possible to identify Paraná as the origin bioregion of Elaphropterini, where vicariance and dispersal events possibly associated with the Andes uprising, marine transgressions and formation of dry lowlands shaped the current distribution of the tribe.
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Filogenética, Cladistica, Taxonomia, Biogeografia, América do Sul, Paraná, Patagônia, Páramo, Puna, Atopothynnus, Mesothynnus, Phylogenetics, Cladistics, Taxonomy, Biogeography, South America