Características biológicas de Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) no hospedeiro Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
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Data
2022-01-27
Autores
Cirino, Thaís Carolina Silva
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Para a implementação de um programa de controle biológico é necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos básicos de um inimigo natural como a avaliação dos parâmetros biológicos e comportamentais agente de controle, até a liberação nas plantas infestadas com a praga-alvo. Como exemplo de um inimigo natural com potencial uso no manejo de pragas está o parasitoide de ninfas de mosca-branca Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Esse inseto tem sido associado a diferentes espécies de hemípteros-praga ao redor do mundo, e no Brasil foi associado a Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Entretanto, para que possa de fato se tornar uma ferramenta viável no manejo de B. tabaci é necessário o completo entendimento da dinâmica entre ambos os insetos. Dessa forma, esse trabalho abordou bioensaios para avaliar o desenvolvimento do parasitoide em ninfas de B. tabaci MEAM1 criadas em couve, soja, feijão e tomate foram conduzidos, assim como a identificação de endossimbiontes associados, a avaliação de características biológicas e capacidade de parasitismo de E. inaron em diferentes temperaturas. Também são necessários a realização de estudos que subsidiem o uso em liberações nas plantas, e por isto foi avaliado o efeito direto de produtos fitossanitários sobre diferentes fases de desenvolvimento de E. inaron. O desenvolvimento de E. inaron não foi diferente quando parasitou ninfas de B. tabaci oriundas das plantas utilizadas no estudo. As bactérias endossimbiontes associadas foram Wolbachia, Serratia e Rickettsia, entretanto, com o passar das gerações a população passou a apresentar apenas Rickettsia como bactéria associada, o que permitiu observar que a presença de Wolbachia na população causava a produção apenas de fêmeas, uma vez que quando não presente, machos também foram observados. O limiar de temperatura inferior (T0) de E. inaron foi de 13,3°C, enquanto os limiares de temperatura superior (Ts) e ótima (Top) foram 35,9 e 32,5°C, respectivamente. Em relação aos testes de seletividade, a fase de pupa de E. inaron tolera melhor a ação de produtos fitossanitários, enquanto adultos são mais impactados, entretanto, a ação dos produtos utilizados foi diferente em ambas as fases. Todos os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações que podem auxiliar a elucidação da dinâmica entre E. inaron e B. tabaci MEAM1, e ajudar na elaboração de um programa de controle biológico efetivo.
For the implementation of a biological control program, it is necessary to develop basic studies of a natural enemy, such as the evaluation of biological and behavioral parameters of the control agent, until the release in plants infested with the target pest. An example of a natural enemy with potential use in pest management is the whitefly nymph parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). This insect has been associated with different species of hemiptera pests around the world, and in Brazil it has been associated with Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). However, in order to become a viable tool in the management of B. tabaci, it is necessary to fully understand the dynamics between both insects. Thus, this work addressed bioassays to evaluate the development of the parasitoid in B. tabaci MEAM1 nymphs reared on cabbage, soybean, beans and tomato were conducted, as well as the identification of associated endosymbionts, the evaluation of biological characteristics and parasitism capacity of E. inaron at different temperatures. It is also necessary to carry out studies that support the use in releases in plants, and for this reason the direct effect of phytosanitary products on different stages of development of E. inaron was evaluated. The development of E. inaron was not different when it parasitized B. tabaci nymphs from the plants used in the study. The associated endosymbionts bacteria were Wolbachia, Serratia and Rickettsia, however, over the generations the population started to present only Rickettsia as an associated bacterium, which allowed us to observe that the presence of Wolbachia in the population caused the production of only females, since when not present, males were also observed. The lower temperature threshold (T0) of E. inaron was 13.3°C, while the upper (Ts) and optimal (Top) temperature thresholds were 35.9 and 32.5°C, respectively. In relation to the selectivity tests, the pupal stage of E. inaron better tolerates the action of phytosanitary products, while adults are more impacted, however, the action of the products used was different in both stages. All the results of this study provide information that can help to elucidate the dynamics between E. inaron and B. tabaci MEAM1, and help in the elaboration of an effective biological control program.
For the implementation of a biological control program, it is necessary to develop basic studies of a natural enemy, such as the evaluation of biological and behavioral parameters of the control agent, until the release in plants infested with the target pest. An example of a natural enemy with potential use in pest management is the whitefly nymph parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). This insect has been associated with different species of hemiptera pests around the world, and in Brazil it has been associated with Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). However, in order to become a viable tool in the management of B. tabaci, it is necessary to fully understand the dynamics between both insects. Thus, this work addressed bioassays to evaluate the development of the parasitoid in B. tabaci MEAM1 nymphs reared on cabbage, soybean, beans and tomato were conducted, as well as the identification of associated endosymbionts, the evaluation of biological characteristics and parasitism capacity of E. inaron at different temperatures. It is also necessary to carry out studies that support the use in releases in plants, and for this reason the direct effect of phytosanitary products on different stages of development of E. inaron was evaluated. The development of E. inaron was not different when it parasitized B. tabaci nymphs from the plants used in the study. The associated endosymbionts bacteria were Wolbachia, Serratia and Rickettsia, however, over the generations the population started to present only Rickettsia as an associated bacterium, which allowed us to observe that the presence of Wolbachia in the population caused the production of only females, since when not present, males were also observed. The lower temperature threshold (T0) of E. inaron was 13.3°C, while the upper (Ts) and optimal (Top) temperature thresholds were 35.9 and 32.5°C, respectively. In relation to the selectivity tests, the pupal stage of E. inaron better tolerates the action of phytosanitary products, while adults are more impacted, however, the action of the products used was different in both stages. All the results of this study provide information that can help to elucidate the dynamics between E. inaron and B. tabaci MEAM1, and help in the elaboration of an effective biological control program.
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Palavras-chave
Controle biológico, Manejo integrado de pragas, Mosca-branca, Biological control, Integrated pest management, Whitefly