Gestão da poluição nas unidades de conservação marinhas e costeiras do Estado de São Paulo
Data
2022-01-25
Autores
Navi, Sarah Maria Figueira
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Brasil possui uma vasta extensão territorial costeira, abrigando uma biodiversidade animal e vegetal muito rica. Mais especificamente, o litoral do Estado de São Paulo é uma região inserida nos biomas marinhos e da mata atlântica, e é considerado um hotspot de biodiversidade, sendo uma área extremamente sensível aos impactos antrópicos. Por esse motivo, abriga várias Unidades de Conservação (UC), embora sofra pressões e ameaças das múltiplas atividades humanas desenvolvidas na zona costeira, das quais destacam-se as diferentes formas de poluição aquática, como contaminação por pesticidas, esgotos domésticos e industriais, resíduos sólidos, e outras substâncias químicas. Este projeto visou analisar as estratégias de prevenção e gestão da poluição de 20 UC marinhas e costeiras do Estado de São Paulo, por meio de revisão de informações disponíveis nos planos de manejo (quando existentes), focando no tema da poluição marinha, mais especificamente a poluição por resíduos sólidos, Petrechos de Pesca Abandonados, Perdidos ou Descartados (PP-APD), contaminação por esgoto e óleo; bem como da análise de literatura relacionada. As informações obtidas foram analisadas qualitativamente para cada subtema, aplicando-se o modelo Pressão-Estado-Resposta (PER), permitindo a comparação entre as UC e a identificação de pontos em comum e lacunas de conhecimento, visando propor estratégias efetivas para cobri-las. Observou-se que todas as UC com plano de manejo citaram a poluição como possível fonte de ameaças à conservação ambiental. Algumas UC já possuíram programas de monitoramento dos poluentes, porém todas as ações foram temporárias ou pontuais, sem uma continuidade; e metade delas relataram precariedade em seus programas de fiscalização. Pode-se concluir que as UC analisadas, em sua gestão e planejamento, dão pouca importância à poluição, pois os planos geralmente dão mais ênfase à pesca e ao uso público. Entretanto, é possível que ocorra poluição nestas áreas, a partir de diferentes fontes, com potenciais implicações sobre a fauna e flora. É necessário reforçar os estudos e monitoramentos sobre poluição nas UC, criar mecanismos de comunicação e educação, assim como intensificar os programas de fiscalização na gestão das UC.
Brazil has a vast coastal territory, sheltering a very rich animal and plant biodiversity. More specifically, the coast of the State of São Paulo is a biodiversity hotspot inserted within the marine and Atlantic Forest biomes, which however is extremely sensitive to anthropic impacts. This region includes a set of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) despite the pressures and threats induced by the multiple human activities carried out on the coastal zone, which include the different forms of water pollution, such as pesticides, domestic and industrial sewage, waste solids, and other chemical substances. This study evaluated the strategies to prevent and manage pollution in 20 MPAs located on the State of São Paulo, by reviewing the information available in the respective management plans (when existing) and peer-reviewed literature, focusing on marine pollution. The survey analyzed different pollution forms, including marine debris, Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG), sewage, and oil contamination. The information obtained was analyzed qualitatively for each sub-theme by using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, allowing the comparison between the MPAs and the identification of common aspects and knowledge gaps, which could further allow the proposal of effective strategies to cover each topic. We observed that all MPAs presenting management plans mentioned pollution as a possible source of threats to environmental conservation. Some MPAs had pollutant monitoring programs, but the actions were mostly temporary or too localized, being frequently discontinued. Half of them reported precariousness in their supervision program. We concluded that the analyzed MPAs actually attribute little importance to pollution, as the management plans generally place more emphasis on fishing and public use. However, it is possible that pollution occurs in these areas, from different sources, with potential implications to the fauna and flora. Our results also show the necessity of more studies and monitoring of pollution in those MPAs, as well as the establishment of permanent programs to manage marine pollution, strength communication and environmental education mechanisms regarding this theme, and intensify supervision programs focused on MPAs’ pollution.
Brazil has a vast coastal territory, sheltering a very rich animal and plant biodiversity. More specifically, the coast of the State of São Paulo is a biodiversity hotspot inserted within the marine and Atlantic Forest biomes, which however is extremely sensitive to anthropic impacts. This region includes a set of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) despite the pressures and threats induced by the multiple human activities carried out on the coastal zone, which include the different forms of water pollution, such as pesticides, domestic and industrial sewage, waste solids, and other chemical substances. This study evaluated the strategies to prevent and manage pollution in 20 MPAs located on the State of São Paulo, by reviewing the information available in the respective management plans (when existing) and peer-reviewed literature, focusing on marine pollution. The survey analyzed different pollution forms, including marine debris, Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG), sewage, and oil contamination. The information obtained was analyzed qualitatively for each sub-theme by using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, allowing the comparison between the MPAs and the identification of common aspects and knowledge gaps, which could further allow the proposal of effective strategies to cover each topic. We observed that all MPAs presenting management plans mentioned pollution as a possible source of threats to environmental conservation. Some MPAs had pollutant monitoring programs, but the actions were mostly temporary or too localized, being frequently discontinued. Half of them reported precariousness in their supervision program. We concluded that the analyzed MPAs actually attribute little importance to pollution, as the management plans generally place more emphasis on fishing and public use. However, it is possible that pollution occurs in these areas, from different sources, with potential implications to the fauna and flora. Our results also show the necessity of more studies and monitoring of pollution in those MPAs, as well as the establishment of permanent programs to manage marine pollution, strength communication and environmental education mechanisms regarding this theme, and intensify supervision programs focused on MPAs’ pollution.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Gerenciamento costeiro, Áreas protegidas, Poluição