Uso do território e comunidades tradicionais: as verticalidades do agronegócio globalizado sobre as horizontalidades do Território Melancias, Piauí, Brasil
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Data
2022-05-02
Autores
Albuquerque, Bruna Henrique [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Essa dissertação se propõe a compreender as transformações do território usado pelas comunidades tradicionais decorrentes das verticalidades do agronegócio na região Sul do Piauí. Para isso, adotamos como recorte territorial a comunidade tradicional dos ribeirinhos-brejeiros do Território Melancias que resiste no baixão da Serra do Quilombo, localizada na área rural de Gilbués/PI. A partir da revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática, do levantamento e análise de dados secundários, da coleta de dados primários e informações nos trabalhos de campo, esse trabalho procurou abordar três pontos principais: a dinâmica do avanço da fronteira agrícola na região; o uso do território pela comunidade tradicional; e as consequências territoriais da presença do agronegócio para a comunidade. O avanço da agricultura moderna nessa região ocorre de forma mais acentuada, principalmente, após os anos 2000, impondo uma racionalidade que tem sido responsável por eventos verticais de apropriação, ocupação e transformação desse espaço. Esse processo, engendrado por políticas estatais aliadas aos interesses hegemônicos, subjugou os usos pretéritos dessa região que, até então, era majoritariamente ocupada por indígenas, quilombolas e comunidades tradicionais. De modo geral, enquanto as comunidades se estabeleceram nos fundos de vales (denominados Baixões), com lógicas de uso do território vinculadas às características naturais do Cerrado, a agricultura moderna avançou sobre as chapadas com a produção em larga escala, baseada no controle dos fatores naturais por meio das inovações técnicas e científicas, atendendo à racionalidade imposta pelo mercado financeiro. Embora ocupem áreas distintas, a proximidade com as lavouras modernas tem acarretado uma série de problemas para as comunidades, tais como a contaminação de cultivos e a disseminação de pragas, devido a pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos; e o assoreamento dos rios e brejos, causado pela aceleração dos processos erosivos, um efeito do desmatamento nas chapadas. Além disso, há um acirramento dos conflitos territoriais, resultante da apropriação ilegal das terras dos baixões pelas fazendas e empresas agrícolas, sobretudo, para a criação de áreas de Reserva Legal. Frente a isso, algumas comunidades têm se organizado e articulado com sindicatos, ONGs, universidades e organizações religiosas, para reivindicar o reconhecimento legal de seus territórios. Após diversas denúncias que atingiram repercussão internacional, o processo de regularização do Território Melancias e de outras comunidades foi iniciado com recursos do programa implementado pelo Banco Mundial. As comunidades possuem um amplo conhecimento das dinâmicas geográficas da região e a combinação de suas práticas e atividades revelam-se contrarracionalidades que devem ser consideradas, não apenas para a sobrevivência dessas populações, mas para a manutenção da vida no Cerrado.
This dissertation proposes to understand the transformations of the territory used by traditional communities resulting from the verticality of agribusiness in the southern region of Piauí. For this, we adopted as a territorial cut the traditional community of the riverside dwellers-breweries of the Territory Melancias that resists in the lowlands of Serra do Quilombo, located in the rural area of Gilbués/PI. From the bibliographic review on the subject, the survey and analysis of secondary data, the collection of primary data and information in the fieldwork, this work sought to address three main points: the dynamics of the advance of the agricultural frontier in the region; the use of the territory by the traditional community; and the territorial consequences of the presence of agribusiness for the community. The advance of modern agriculture in this region occurs more sharply, mainly after the 2000s, imposing rationality that has been responsible for vertical events of appropriation, occupation, and transformation of this space. This process engendered by state policies allied to hegemonic interests subjugated the past uses of this region which, until then, was occupied by indigenous peoples, quilombolas and traditional communities. In general, while communities have established themselves in the valley bottoms (called Baixões), with logics of land use linked to the natural characteristics of the Cerrado, modern agriculture has advanced over the Chapada with large-scale production, based on the control of the factors through technical and scientific innovations, meeting the rationality imposed by the financial market. Although they occupy different areas, the proximity to modern crops has caused a series of problems for the communities, such as the contamination of crops and the spread of pests, due to aerial spraying of pesticides; and the silting up of rivers and swamps, caused by the acceleration of erosive processes, an effect of deforestation in the Chapada. In addition, there is an intensification of territorial conflicts resulting from the illegal appropriation of land in the lowlands by farms and agricultural companies, especially for the creation of Legal Reserve areas. Faced with this, some communities have organized and articulated with unions, NGOs, universities and religious organizations to claim legal recognition of their territories. After several complaints that reached international repercussion, the regularization of the Territorio Melancias and other communities started with resources from the program implemented by the World Bank. Those communities know the geographic dynamics of the region, so integrating their practices and activities indicates counter rationalities that must be considered not only for the survival of these populations but for the maintenance of life in the Cerrado.
This dissertation proposes to understand the transformations of the territory used by traditional communities resulting from the verticality of agribusiness in the southern region of Piauí. For this, we adopted as a territorial cut the traditional community of the riverside dwellers-breweries of the Territory Melancias that resists in the lowlands of Serra do Quilombo, located in the rural area of Gilbués/PI. From the bibliographic review on the subject, the survey and analysis of secondary data, the collection of primary data and information in the fieldwork, this work sought to address three main points: the dynamics of the advance of the agricultural frontier in the region; the use of the territory by the traditional community; and the territorial consequences of the presence of agribusiness for the community. The advance of modern agriculture in this region occurs more sharply, mainly after the 2000s, imposing rationality that has been responsible for vertical events of appropriation, occupation, and transformation of this space. This process engendered by state policies allied to hegemonic interests subjugated the past uses of this region which, until then, was occupied by indigenous peoples, quilombolas and traditional communities. In general, while communities have established themselves in the valley bottoms (called Baixões), with logics of land use linked to the natural characteristics of the Cerrado, modern agriculture has advanced over the Chapada with large-scale production, based on the control of the factors through technical and scientific innovations, meeting the rationality imposed by the financial market. Although they occupy different areas, the proximity to modern crops has caused a series of problems for the communities, such as the contamination of crops and the spread of pests, due to aerial spraying of pesticides; and the silting up of rivers and swamps, caused by the acceleration of erosive processes, an effect of deforestation in the Chapada. In addition, there is an intensification of territorial conflicts resulting from the illegal appropriation of land in the lowlands by farms and agricultural companies, especially for the creation of Legal Reserve areas. Faced with this, some communities have organized and articulated with unions, NGOs, universities and religious organizations to claim legal recognition of their territories. After several complaints that reached international repercussion, the regularization of the Territorio Melancias and other communities started with resources from the program implemented by the World Bank. Those communities know the geographic dynamics of the region, so integrating their practices and activities indicates counter rationalities that must be considered not only for the survival of these populations but for the maintenance of life in the Cerrado.
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Palavras-chave
Território usado, Comunidades tradicionais, Sul do Piauí, Conflitos territoriais, Fronteira agrícola, Used territory, Traditional communities, South of Piauí, Territorial conflicts, Agricultural frontier