Extração de óleos de plantas nativas para a produção de biodiesel a partir da utilização de CO2 supercrítico
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Data
2022-12-14
Autores
Conceição, Matheus Almeida
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A necessidade do uso da energia no mundo apenas aumenta à medida que os anos passam, novas tecnologias vêm surgindo para mitigar o uso desenfreado do petróleo (principal fonte de energia da atualidade) o biodiesel surge como uma alternativa ao diesel proveniente do petróleo, produzido com óleos vegetais e gorduras animais o biodiesel é uma ótima alternativa para um grande problema da humanidade que é o descarte de resíduos (no caso o óleo vegetal). O grande problema de se utilizar óleos vegetais é que a maioria deles é consumido como alimento pelo ser humano, o que fez com que ele (óleo vegetal) entre no velho dilema da competição com o mercado alimentício. Entretanto há possibilidade de se extrair óleos que não são consumidos pela humanidade e ainda assim se produzir biodiesel nos chamados biodiesel de segunda geração. O Brasil por ser o país com a maior biodiversidade do mundo dispõe de uma vasta gama de opções que podem ser aproveitadas para este proposito como o bacupari e a leiteira. A extração de óleo de sementes de plantas pode ser feita de várias formas como a compressão mecânica, solvente orgânico e a extração usando fluidos supercríticos, sendo esse última uma opção muito interessante pois pode-se utilizar o CO2 como fluido supercrítico que por ser um gás não deixa resíduos no óleo após a extração, além de geralmente ter um maior rendimento. Este estudo foi realizado utilizando sementes de bacupari e da leiteira ambas arvores nativas do Brasil que foram colhidas no interior estado de São Paulo, submetendo-as a uma extração utilizando o CO2 como fluido supercrítico à uma temperatura de 40 a 60 ºC e uma pressão de 200 a 280 bar, e utiliza uma matriz experimental para auxiliar a realização dos experimentos. Após a finalização dos experimentos foi obtido um rendimento máximo para bacupari um percentual de 13,65% e para a leiteira um rendimento máximo de 14,62% ambos com um período de extração de 80 minutos.
The need for energy use in the world only increases as the years go by, new technologies are emerging to mitigate the unbridled use of oil (main source of energy today) biodiesel emerges as an alternative to diesel from petroleum, produced with vegetable oils and animal fats, biodiesel is a great alternative to a major problem facing humanity, which is waste disposal (in this case, vegetable oil). The big problem with using vegetable oils is that most of them are consumed as food by humans, which made it (vegetable oil) enter the old dilemma of competition with the food market. However, there is the possibility of extracting oils that are not consumed by humanity and still producing biodiesel in the so-called second generation biodiesel. Brazil, as the country with the greatest biodiversity in the world, has a wide range of options that can be used for this purpose, such as bacupari and milk. The extraction of oil from plant seeds can be done in various ways such as mechanical compression, organic solvent and extraction using supercritical fluids, the latter being a very interesting option because CO2 can be used as a supercritical fluid which, being a gas does not leave residues in the oil after extraction, in addition to generally having a higher yield. This study was carried out using bacupari and milk seeds, both trees native to Brazil, which were harvested in the interior of the state of São Paulo, subjecting them to an extraction using CO2 as supercritical fluid at a temperature of 40 to 60 ºC and a pressure of 200 to 280 bar, and uses an experimental matrix to help carry out the experiments. After the completion of the experiments, a maximum yield of 13.65% was obtained for bacupari and a maximum yield of 14.62% for milkmaid, both with an extraction period of 80 minutes.
The need for energy use in the world only increases as the years go by, new technologies are emerging to mitigate the unbridled use of oil (main source of energy today) biodiesel emerges as an alternative to diesel from petroleum, produced with vegetable oils and animal fats, biodiesel is a great alternative to a major problem facing humanity, which is waste disposal (in this case, vegetable oil). The big problem with using vegetable oils is that most of them are consumed as food by humans, which made it (vegetable oil) enter the old dilemma of competition with the food market. However, there is the possibility of extracting oils that are not consumed by humanity and still producing biodiesel in the so-called second generation biodiesel. Brazil, as the country with the greatest biodiversity in the world, has a wide range of options that can be used for this purpose, such as bacupari and milk. The extraction of oil from plant seeds can be done in various ways such as mechanical compression, organic solvent and extraction using supercritical fluids, the latter being a very interesting option because CO2 can be used as a supercritical fluid which, being a gas does not leave residues in the oil after extraction, in addition to generally having a higher yield. This study was carried out using bacupari and milk seeds, both trees native to Brazil, which were harvested in the interior of the state of São Paulo, subjecting them to an extraction using CO2 as supercritical fluid at a temperature of 40 to 60 ºC and a pressure of 200 to 280 bar, and uses an experimental matrix to help carry out the experiments. After the completion of the experiments, a maximum yield of 13.65% was obtained for bacupari and a maximum yield of 14.62% for milkmaid, both with an extraction period of 80 minutes.
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Palavras-chave
Biodiesel, Bacupari, Leiteira, CO2 Supercrítico, Extração supercrítica, Biodiesel, Supercritical CO2, Bacupari, Milkmaid, Supercritical extraction