Cuidado parental em ciclídeos neotropicais
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Data
2023-01-20
Autores
Prado, Sarah Garcia
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A família Cichlidae engloba cerca de 1300 espécies de peixes teleósteos de água doce, com ampla distribuição geográfica, mas com maior prevalência no continente Africano e Americano. A região neotropical, composta pelo sul da América do Norte e Américas Central e do Sul, possui cerca de 67 gêneros de ciclídeos. É um grupo que apresenta complexo repertório de comportamentos sociais e reprodutivos, com mudanças no padrão de coloração corporal, defesa de território e construção de ninhos, no qual ocorre o acasalamento e, em várias espécies, o cuidado de ovos e larvas. Mesmo sendo um grupo de grande interesse econômico (aquariofilia e aquicultura de corte) e científico, a literatura sobre o comportamento reprodutivo e o cuidado parental é escassa para as espécies neotropicais quando comparada às africanas. Assim, um trabalho de síntese é importante para reunir o conhecimento existente, evidenciar lacunas e direcionar novas pesquisas e iniciativas na área preservação ambiental, uma vez que muitas dessas espécies habitam a região amazônica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão sobre o comportamento de cuidado parental em peixes neotropicais da família Cichlidae, bem como levantar os mecanismos fisiológicos envolvidos com o controle de tal
comportamento. Realizamos o levantamento de artigos nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scielo e Google Acadêmico utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: parental care, fry, biparental care, mouthbrooding, substrate brooders, brood care e offspring. Cada palavra-chave foi associada a cada um dos 67 gêneros. Selecionamos os artigos de acordo com o título, palavras-chave e resumo. A leitura destes permitiu que novos artigos fossem encontrados, contribuindo para maior amplitude da revisão. Em seguida, foram elaboradas fichas literárias para cada artigo, sistematizando os seguintes itens: defesa de
território, construção de ninho, corte, acasalamento, cuidado bi ou monoparental, cuidado realizado no substrato, na boca ou em ambos. Apenas 32 gêneros (48%) e 52 espécies aparecem nas bases de dados consultadas. Das 52 espécies estudadas, 94,24% exibem cuidado biparental (macho e fêmea cuidam de ovos e larvas) e 5,76% são monoparentais (apenas um dos pais cuida da prole). 86,53% das espécies apresentam cuidado no substrato, 5,76% cuidado na boca, 7,69% cuidado inicial no substrato e, depois, na boca. Concluímos que, enquanto a maioria dos ciclídeos africanos apresenta cuidado monoparental intra-bucal, a maioria das espécies neotropicais apresenta cuidado biparental no substrato. O controle do comportamento de cuidado parental é encontrado em três espécies e envolve o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gônadas, com variação nos níveis de andrógenos, estrógenos, isotocina e prolactina. Considerando a diversidade de espécies encontradas na região neotropical, é notório as lacunas nessa área de conhecimento, evidenciando a necessidade de investimento em pesquisas com esse grupo de teleósteos.
The Cichlidae family includes about 1300 species of freshwater teleost fish, with a wide geographic distribution, but with a higher prevalence in the African and American continents. The Neotropical region, comprising southern North America and Central and South America, has about 67 genus of cichlids. It is a group that presents a complex repertoire of social and reproductive behaviors, with changes in the pattern of body color, territory defense and construction of nests, in which mating occurs and, in several species, so does the care of eggs and larvae. Even though being a group of great economic (aquaculture and fish farming) and scientific interest, the literature on reproductive behavior and parental care is scarce for Neotropical species when compared to African ones. Thus, a synthesis work is important to bring together existing knowledge, highlight gaps and direct new research and initiatives in the area of environmental preservation, since many of these species inhabit the Amazon region. Therefore, the objective of this work was to review the parental care behavior in Neotropical fish of the Cichlidae family, as well as to raise the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of such behavior. We carried out a survey of articles in the Web of Science, Scielo and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: parental care, fry, biparental care, mouthbrooding, substrate brooders, brood care and offspring. Each keyword was associated with each of the 67 genus. We selected articles according to title, keywords and abstract. Reading these allowed new articles to be found, contributing to a greater scope of the review. Then, literary files were prepared for each article, systematizing the following items: territory defense, nest building, courtship, mating, bi or single-parent care, care performed on the substrate, in the mouth or both. Only 32 genus (48%) and 52 species appear in the consulted databases. Of the 52 species studied, 94.24% exhibit biparental care (male and female take care of eggs and larvae) and 5.76% are single parent (only one parent takes care of the offspring). 86.53% of the species present care on the substrate, 5.76% care in the mouth, 7.69% initial care on the substrate and then in the mouth. We conclude that, while most African cichlids show single-parent intra-oral care, most Neotropical species show biparental care on the substrate. In the literature, only three species are studied about the control of the parental care behavior involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, with variation in the levels of androgens, estrogens, isotocin and prolactin. Considering the diversity of species found in the Neotropics, the gaps in this area of knowledge are notorious, highlighting the need for investment in research with this group of teleosts.
The Cichlidae family includes about 1300 species of freshwater teleost fish, with a wide geographic distribution, but with a higher prevalence in the African and American continents. The Neotropical region, comprising southern North America and Central and South America, has about 67 genus of cichlids. It is a group that presents a complex repertoire of social and reproductive behaviors, with changes in the pattern of body color, territory defense and construction of nests, in which mating occurs and, in several species, so does the care of eggs and larvae. Even though being a group of great economic (aquaculture and fish farming) and scientific interest, the literature on reproductive behavior and parental care is scarce for Neotropical species when compared to African ones. Thus, a synthesis work is important to bring together existing knowledge, highlight gaps and direct new research and initiatives in the area of environmental preservation, since many of these species inhabit the Amazon region. Therefore, the objective of this work was to review the parental care behavior in Neotropical fish of the Cichlidae family, as well as to raise the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of such behavior. We carried out a survey of articles in the Web of Science, Scielo and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: parental care, fry, biparental care, mouthbrooding, substrate brooders, brood care and offspring. Each keyword was associated with each of the 67 genus. We selected articles according to title, keywords and abstract. Reading these allowed new articles to be found, contributing to a greater scope of the review. Then, literary files were prepared for each article, systematizing the following items: territory defense, nest building, courtship, mating, bi or single-parent care, care performed on the substrate, in the mouth or both. Only 32 genus (48%) and 52 species appear in the consulted databases. Of the 52 species studied, 94.24% exhibit biparental care (male and female take care of eggs and larvae) and 5.76% are single parent (only one parent takes care of the offspring). 86.53% of the species present care on the substrate, 5.76% care in the mouth, 7.69% initial care on the substrate and then in the mouth. We conclude that, while most African cichlids show single-parent intra-oral care, most Neotropical species show biparental care on the substrate. In the literature, only three species are studied about the control of the parental care behavior involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, with variation in the levels of androgens, estrogens, isotocin and prolactin. Considering the diversity of species found in the Neotropics, the gaps in this area of knowledge are notorious, highlighting the need for investment in research with this group of teleosts.
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Palavras-chave
Biologia, Comportamento animal, Comportamento reprodutivo, Ninhos, Cichliformes, Reproductive behavior, Nests