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  • ItemArtigo
    N-fertilization of tropical pastures improves performance but not methane emission of Nellore growing bulls
    (2023-01-01) Lima, Lais De Oliveira [UNESP]; Ongaratto, Fernando [UNESP]; Dallantonia, Erick Escobar [UNESP]; Leite, Rhaony Gonçalves [UNESP]; Argentini, Gabriella Patrício [UNESP]; Fernandes, Marcia Helena MacHado Da Rocha [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Vyas, Diwakar; Malheiros, Euclides Braga [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Florida
    Grazing management and N-fertilizer have been reported to improve tropical forage productivity and quality, however, their effect on methane emission of grazing animals remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of increasing application rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization of Marandu palisadegrass under continuous stocking on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and enteric methane emissions of Nellore growing bulls. We hypothesized that changes in the forage nutritive value caused by N fertilization of pastures combined with adequate grazing management (e.g., greater crude protein [CP] and digestibility) would lead to an increase in animal productivity (e.g., greater average daily gain [ADG] and gain per area), and then, to a decrease in methane emission intensity. Treatments consisted of different annual application rates of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 75, and 150 kg N/ha using ammonium nitrate (32% N) as the nitrogen source. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and four replications (12 paddocks). Intake, digestibility, N balance, and methane emissions were measured in eight animals per treatment. CP intake, digestibility and N balance increased linearly with the increase in N fertilization (P < 0.05). In addition, stocking rate (SR) and ADG linearly increased from 1.75 animal unit (AU = 450 kg)/ha and 0.62 kg/d (0 kg N/ha) to 3.75 AU/ha and 0.82 kg/d (150 kg N/ha), respectively. Individual methane emissions nor methane emission intensity were affected by treatment with an average of 164.7 g/d and 199.7 g/kg ADG (P > 0.05). Annual N fertilization with ammonium nitrate between 75 and 150 kg N/ha in palisadegrass pastures under continuous stocking enhances animal performance per unit area yet not affecting neither methane production nor intensity.
  • ItemArtigo
    Energy cost of physical activities in growing broilers
    (2023-01-01) Horna, F. [UNESP]; Leandro, G. S. [UNESP]; Bícego, K. C. [UNESP]; Macari, M. [UNESP]; Reis, M. P. [UNESP]; Cerrate, S.; Sakomura, N. K. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Credinser LLC
    1. The time-energy budget method estimates the energy used for physical activity (PA) by integrating behaviour PA patterns with energy cost for specific PAs. Nevertheless, information about individual energy cost by type of PA are not available and so this study estimated the energy cost of PA for growing broilers. 2. An indirect calorimetry system for single birds was constructed to measure the variation in the rate of O2 consumption ((Formula presented.) O2, L/min) and rate of CO2 production ((Formula presented.) CO2, L/min) produced by these PAs. 3. A total of five birds were used in a replicated trial where their body weight (BW) ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 kg to measure the increase in heat production (HP) above resting levels as a result of PA. The procedure in the chamber was divided into five steps: (1) initial baselining, (2) resting metabolic rate, (3) PA such as feeding, drinking and other standing activities, (4) removal of gas exchange produced in step 3, and (5) final baselining. The PA was recorded using a video camera fixed at the chamber’s top (and outside). 4. The area under (Formula presented.) CO2 and (Formula presented.) O2 curves was used to calculate the CO2 production (vCO2, L) and O2 consumption (vO2, L). Then, the HP (cal/kg−0.75) was calculated according to the Brouwer equation. Two observers analysed the video records to estimate the time spent for each PA (seconds and frequency). 5. To calculate the energetic coefficients, the HP was regressed with the function of time spent to perform each PA allowing to estimate the energy cost for eating, drinking and stand activities, which were 0.607, 0.352 and 0.938 cal/kg−0.75/s, respectively.
  • ItemArtigo
    ANATOMICAL, MORPHOGENIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF XARAÉS PALISADE GRASS UNDER GRAZING
    (2023-01-01) Basso, Kelen Cristina; Galzerano, Leandro; DA SILVA, Wilton Ladeira; Ruggieri, Ana Cláudia [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro; Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG); Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    This study evaluated under grazing intensities and periods of the year: leaf anatomy of Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés and its correlation with morphogenetic and structural characteristics, and leaves degradation after in situ incubation. Treatments were four grazing intensities (GI) defined by the pasture residuals leaf area index (rLAI 0.8, 1.3, 1.8, and 2.3) with three replications in a completely randomized design. Cows grazed in a rotational stocking with pastures regrowth period determined by 95% light interception. Leaves showed a higher proportion of sclerenchyma (2.64%) in pastures under lower GI and in the dry season (2.42%). Pastures managed under higher GI showed lower number of expanded leaves (2.58), lower number of lives leaves (3.45), and lower leaf senescence rate (0.05 cm tiller−1 d−1). Positive correlation was observed between leaf elongation rate and adaxial epidermis and vascular tissues. rLAI 1.8 and 2.3 provided greater residues after in situ leaf incubation at times 12, 48, 72, and 96 h compared to rLAI 0.8 and 1.3. rLAI and period of the year had little influence on leaf anatomy of the Xaraés managed under 95% LI, and leaf anatomy is correlated with the morphogenetic and structural pasture characteristics. Pastures managed under lower GI show more residues after leaves incubation in rumen.
  • ItemArtigo
    Effects of molasses supplementation on animal performance and carcass parameters of beef cattle: a meta-analysis
    (2023-06-01) de Nazaré Santos Torres, Rodrigo [UNESP]; Bertoco, João Pedro Amaral [UNESP]; de Arruda, Maria Carolina Gonçalves [UNESP]; de Melo Coelho, Larissa; Paschoaloto, Josimari Regina; Neto, Otavio Rodrigues Machado [UNESP]; Ezequiel, Jane Maria Bertocco [UNESP]; Almeida, Marco Túlio Costa; Chardulo, Luis Artur Loyola [UNESP]; Baldassini, Welder Angelo [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Federal University of Piauí; Federal University of Espírito Santo
    Molasses must be one of the most used foods in the diet of ruminant animals; however, there is no consensus on the effect of including molasses on carcass parameters. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of including molasses in the diet of feedlot cattle on performance and carcass parameters. Thirteen peer-reviewed publications with 45 treatment means were included in the dataset. The effect of molasses in beef cattle diets was evaluated by examining the weighted mean differences (WMD) between molasses treatment (diet with molasses) and control diet (diet without molasses). Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis using genetic type and experimental period, molasses in diet (g/kg dry matter (DM)), molasses type, concentrate in diet (g/kg DM), and forage type. The inclusion of molasses in the diet increased dry matter digestibility, but reduced NDF digestibility, carcass weight, subcutaneous, and visceral fat. The main sources of variation for the responses with molasses inclusion on intake, digestibility, performance, and carcass parameters were the level of molasses inclusion and the experimental period. In general context, the inclusion of molasses in the diet between 100 to 150 g/kg of DM did not affect performance and carcass parameters. However, the inclusion of molasses above 200 g/kg reduces the average daily gain and carcass weight.
  • ItemArtigo
    Effect of the Interaction between Excreta Type and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions in Pastures
    (2023-03-01) Ongaratto, Fernando [UNESP]; Fernandes, Marcia Helena Machado da Rocha [UNESP]; Dallantonia, Erick Escobar [UNESP]; Lima, Lais de Oliveira; Val, Guilherme Alves do [UNESP]; Cardoso, Abmael da Silva; Rigobello, Izabela Larosa [UNESP]; Gomes, Laís Mayumi [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Ruggieri, Ana Claudia [UNESP]; Malheiros, Euclides Braga [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Florida
    This study aimed to evaluate the emission factor of N2O, CH4, and the volatilization of NH3 for the combination of feces or urine with increasing doses of ammonium nitrate in tropical palisade grass pastures. The emission of greenhouse gases was assessed in eight treatments combining feces and urine with doses (75 and 150 kg of N ha−1) of ammonium nitrate, (32% N). The emission factor of N2O was 0.11, 0.19, and 0.17% for feces, urine, and 75 kg N ha−1 year−1 (as ammonium nitrate) and showed an additive linear effect when feces or urine were combined with increasing doses of N fertilizer. The emission factor of CH4 of feces (0.18 kg CH4 animal−1 year−1) was similar irrespective of combination with ammonium nitrate. The N loss by volatilized NH3 has a decreasing linear effect (p < 0.05) for the combination of feces or urine with ammonium nitrate. We concluded that N2O and CH4 emission factors of feces and urine in tropical climate conditions are lower than those reported by the IPCC. However, their N2O emission factors are sharply enhanced when combined with ammonium nitrate. These results may contribute to improvements in national and regional greenhouse gas inventories of livestock production.
  • ItemArtigo
    The Impact of Mineral and Energy Supplementation and Phytogenic Compounds on Rumen Microbial Diversity and Nitrogen Utilization in Grazing Beef Cattle
    (2023-03-01) Teobaldo, Ronyatta Weich [UNESP]; Granja-Salcedo, Yury Tatiana; Cardoso, Abmael da Silva; Constancio, Milena Tavares Lima [UNESP]; Brito, Thais Ribeiro [UNESP]; Romanzini, Eliéder Prates [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Centro de Investigación El Nus; University of Florida
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of a phytogenic compound blend (PHA) containing hydrolyzable tannins, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde oil to mineral salt or energy supplementation on the rumen microbiota and nitrogen metabolism of grazing Nellore cattle. Eight castrated Nellore steers were distributed in a double-Latin-square 4 × 4 design, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (two types of supplements with or without the addition of the PHA), as follows: energy supplement without the PHA addition (EW); energy supplement with the PHA addition (EPHA); mineral supplement without the addition of the PHA (MW); mineral supplement with the PHA addition (MPHA). Steers that received supplements with the PHA have a lower ruminal proportion of valerate (with the PHA, 1.06%; without the PHA, 1.15%), a lower ruminal abundance of Verrucomicrobia, and a tendency for lower DM digestibility (with the PHA, 62.8%; without the PHA, 64.8%). Energy supplements allowed for higher ammonia concentrations (+2.28 mg of NH3-N/dL), increased the propionate proportion (+0.29% of total VFA), and had a higher ruminal abundance of Proteobacteria and Spirochaetae phyla in the rumen. The PHA addition in the supplement did not improve nitrogen retention, reduced the ruminal proportion of valerate, and had a negative impact on both the total dry-matter digestibility and the abundance of several ruminal bacterial groups belonging to the Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia phyla.
  • ItemResenha
    Additive Tannins in Ruminant Nutrition: An Alternative to Achieve Sustainability in Animal Production
    (2023-03-01) Fonseca, Natalia Vilas Boas [UNESP]; Cardoso, Abmael da Silva; Bahia, Angélica Santos Rabelo de Souza [UNESP]; Messana, Juliana Duarte [UNESP]; Vicente, Eduardo Festozo [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Florida
    Sustainable intensification involves maintaining ecosystem balance and increasing productivity per animal per unit area. Phytogenic additives can be used as an alternative to achieve sustainable intensification. Tannins are phenolic compounds present in plants that are classified according to their chemical structure into hydrolyzable and condensed compounds. When added to ruminant diets, condensed tannins exert effects on rumen fermentation, such as a reduction in rumen protein degradation and enteric methane production per unit of dry matter ingested, and may also improve weight gain. The advantage of this mechanism is that it increases dietary protein utilization, reduces nitrogen excretion in urine, and reduces nitrous oxide emissions. However, the positive effects of these compounds as nutritional additives require further investigation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the results hitherto known of the use of condensed tannins in ruminant nutrition. The use of tannins can result in both positive and negative effects, depending on the sources and doses administered.
  • ItemArtigo
    Feeding Behavior of Finishing Pigs under Diurnal Cyclic Heat Stress
    (2023-03-01) de Oliveira, Marllon José Karpeggiane [UNESP]; Valk, Marcio; Melo, Antônio Diego Brandão [UNESP]; Marçal, Danilo Alves [UNESP]; Silva, Cleslei Alisson [UNESP]; Valini, Graziela Alves da Cunha [UNESP]; Arnaut, Pedro Righetti [UNESP]; Gonçalves, Joseane Penteado Rosa [UNESP]; Andretta, Ines; Hauschild, Luciano [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
    The impact of cyclic heat stress (CHS) and turning the lights on and off on pig feeding behavior (FB) was investigated. The FB of 90 gilts was recorded in real-time under two ambient temperatures (AT): thermoneutrality (TN, 22 °C) or CHS (22/35 °C). The day was divided into four periods: PI (06–08 h); PII (08–18 h); PIII (18–20 h); and PIV (20–06 h). Automatic and Intelligent Precision Feeders recorded each feed event for each pig. An estimated meal criterion (49 min) was used to calculate the FB variables. Feed behavior in both ATs followed a circadian pattern. The CHS reduced the feed intake by 6.9%. The pigs prioritized feed intake during the coolest hours of the day; however, nocturnal cooling did not allow the pigs to compensate for the reduced meal size due to CHS. The highest meal size and most of the meals were observed during the lighting-on period. The pigs reduced their interval between meals during PII and PIII. The lighting program increased the meal size when the lights were switched on and reduced the meal size when the lights were switched off. Thus, the dynamics of the FB were largely influenced by AT, whereas the meal size was affected by the lighting program.
  • ItemArtigo
    Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary condensed tannins and methane emissions by cattle
    (2023-04-01) Berça, Andressa Scholz [UNESP]; Tedeschi, Luís Orlindo; da Silva Cardoso, Abmael; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Florida; Texas A&M University
    Using condensed tannins (CT) in ruminant nutrition yields many benefits, especially regarding better dietary protein utilization and decreased methane (CH4) emission by altering ruminal fermentation kinetics. A meta-analysis was conducted to develop and analyze a database from published studies and verify the effects of CT inclusion on enteric CH4 emission by cattle, nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters, and their interactions. The study aimed to develop regression equations based on the significant components and their interactions to target a specific ruminal CH4 mitigation when correctly associating CT inclusion level and diet composition. A database was developed from 40 published studies that measured cattle CH4 emission using in vitro or in vivo methods and reported the source and inclusion levels of CT as well as typical diet characteristics, including crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ether extract (EE). Other related parameters were also included in the database when reported, such as dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility, OM digestibility, NDF digestibility, and ruminal parameters, including pH, ruminal ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio. The meta-analysis was conducted by multiple linear regression, using the nlme package of R 4.2.1, in which studies were assumed as random variables affecting the intercept and slopes. The CH4 emission, expressed in L/kg of DMI, decreased with increasing levels of dietary CT when in vitro and in vivo were analyzed together (P < 0.001) or in vivo alone (P < 0.001). Total VFA concentration (P = 0.049), propionate (P = 0.042), and butyrate (P = 0.047) increased with increasing levels of dietary CT on in vitro + in vivo methods, suggesting improved fermentability. When analyzing all chemical components of the diet, OM (P = 0.043) and CP (P = 0.010) decreased CH4 production with in vitro methods, EE decreased CH4 production on in vivo method (P = 0.001), while dietary NDF increased CH4 production on in vitro + in vivo (P = 0.016), and also separately for in vivo (P = 0.058) and in vitro method (P = 0.022). There was an interaction between CT and CP for in vivo experiments (P = 0.010): CH4 = 35.64 – 6.87 ×CT – 0.49 ×CP + 0.33 ×CT*CP. Across many experiments, increasing the level of dietary CT led to a decrease in ruminal CH4 concentrations for in vitro and in vivo fermentation conditions and an increase in molar proportions of propionate, butyrate, and total VFA, indicating that it is an efficient natural alternative to reduce environmental impacts of ruminant production systems possibly. Our meta-analysis identified diet components that significantly affect enteric CH4 emissions by cattle and developed a prediction model based on these components, including OM, CP, NDF, and EE. The in vivo CH4 method showed that an interaction between CT and CP diet content affects CH4 emissions. Future research and meta-analysis must focus on CT biological activity along with percent content to dictate ideal diet inclusion to suppress CH4 emissions without depressing animal performance.
  • ItemArtigo
    Transcriptome Profiling of the Liver in Nellore Cattle Phenotypically Divergent for RFI in Two Genetic Groups
    (2023-02-01) Serna-García, Marta [UNESP]; Fonseca, Larissa Fernanda Simielli [UNESP]; Panadero Romero, Joaquin Javier; Carretero Asuncion, Julian; dos Santos Silva, Danielly Beraldo [UNESP]; Salatta, Bruna Maria [UNESP]; Frezarim, Gabriela Bonfá [UNESP]; Mercadante, Maria Eugênia Zerlotti; Bonilha, Sarah Figueiredo Martins; Ferro, Jesus Aparecido [UNESP]; De Albuquerque, Lucia Galvão [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Igenomix S.L.; University of Valencia; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Institute of Animal Science
    The identification and selection of genetically superior animals for residual feed intake (RFI) could enhance productivity and minimize environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to use RNA-seq data to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), known non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specific biomarkers and enriched biological processes associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in two genetic groups. In genetic group 1 (G1), 24 extreme RFI animals (12 low RFI (LRFI) versus 12 high RFI (HRFI)) were selected from a population of 60 Nellore bulls. The RNA-seq of the samples from their liver tissues was performed using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. In genetic group 2 (G2), 20 samples of liver tissue of Nellore bulls divergent for RFI (LRFI, n = 10 versus HRFI, n = 10) were selected from 83 animals. The raw data of the G2 were chosen from the ENA repository. A total of 1811 DEGs were found for the G1 and 2054 for the G2 (p-value ≤ 0.05). We detected 88 common genes in both genetic groups, of which 33 were involved in the immune response and in blocking oxidative stress. In addition, seven (B2M, ADSS, SNX2, TUBA4A, ARHGAP18, MECR, and ABCF3) possible gene biomarkers were identified through a receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) considering an AUC > 0.70. The B2M gene was overexpressed in the LRFI group. This gene regulates the lipid metabolism protein turnover and inhibits cell death. We also found non-coding RNAs in both groups. MIR25 was up-regulated and SNORD16 was down-regulated in the LRFI for G1. For G2, up-regulated RNase_MRP and SCARNA10 were found. We highlight MIR25 as being able to act by blocking cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and RMRP as a blocker of mitochondrial damage. The biological pathways associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in the two genetic groups were for energy metabolism, protein turnover, redox homeostasis and the immune response. The common transcripts, biomarkers and metabolic pathways found in the two genetic groups make this unprecedented work even more relevant, since the results are valid for different herds raised in different ways. The results reinforce the biological importance of these known processes but also reveal new insights into the complexity of the liver tissue transcriptome of Nellore cattle.
  • ItemArtigo
    A blend of functional amino acids and grape polyphenols improves the pig capacity to cope with an inflammatory challenge caused by poor hygiene of housing conditions
    (2023-12-01) Fraga, Alícia Zem [UNESP]; Campos, Paulo Henrique Reis Furtado; Hauschild, Luciano [UNESP]; Chalvon-Demersay, Tristan; Beaumont, Martin; Le Floc’h, Nathalie; Institut Agro; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV); METEX ANIMAL NUTRITION; ENVT
    Background: Dietary supplementation with a blend of functional amino acids (AA) and grape extract polyphenols contributes to preserve intestinal health and growth performance of piglets during the post-weaning period. In the present experiment, we assessed if a supplementation with a mix of AA and grape extract polyphenols during the post-weaning period would persist to improve the pig capacity to cope with a subsequent challenge caused by poor hygiene of housing conditions. Eighty pigs weaned at 28 days of age were fed a standard diet supplemented (AAP) or not (CNT) with 0.2% of a blend of AA (glutamine, arginine, cystine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine) and grape extract polyphenols during the post-weaning period (from week 0 to 6). At week 6, pigs were transferred to a growing unit where 50% of pigs previously fed AAP and CNT diets were housed in good and the other 50% in poor hygiene conditions for 3 weeks (from week 7 to 9; challenge period). All pigs were fed a standard growing diet that was not supplemented with AAP. We measured pig growth performance, plasma indicators of inflammation, digestive integrity, and oxidative status, and scored fecal consistency. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Results: One week post-weaning, pigs fed AAP had lower plasma concentrations of haptoglobin than CNT pigs (P = 0.03). Six weeks post-weaning, plasma concentrations of diamine oxidase (DAO) were lower (P = 0.03) whereas those of vitamin E and A were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in pigs fed AAP compared to CNT pigs. The prevalence of diarrhea was higher in CNT pigs compared to AAP pigs (P < 0.01). During the challenge period, only pigs previously fed CNT diet had lower growth rate in poor than good conditions (P ≤ 0.05). They had also greater plasma concentrations of haptoglobin and oxidative stress index (OSI) and lower plasma concentrations of vitamin E in poor than good hygiene conditions (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Pigs fed AAP diet during post-weaning had less diarrhea and plasma concentrations of a digestive integrity marker, as well as greater plasma concentrations of antioxidant indicators during the post-weaning period. The beneficial effects of AAP supplementation persisted after the post-weaning period as evidenced by the absence of effects of the hygiene challenge on growth and health indicators in pigs previously fed APP. This clearly indicated a greater ability of pigs fed AAP to cope with the poor hygiene conditions.
  • ItemArtigo
    Dynamic of heat production partitioning in rooster by indirect calorimetry
    (2023-01-01) Riveros, Rony Lizana [UNESP]; de Sousa Camargos, Rosiane [UNESP]; Macari, Marcos [UNESP]; de Paula Reis, Matheus [UNESP]; Leme, Bruno Balbino [UNESP]; Sakomura, Nilva Kazue [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. Methods: Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO2 and VCO2. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R–t)×I+L; I = 1 if tR; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. Results: The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.
  • ItemArtigo
    Cis-regulatory modules prediction in spliced genes associated with carcass and meat traits of Nelore cattle
    (2023-03-01) Santos, Thaís Cristina Ferreira Dos; Silva, Evandro Neves; Fonseca, Larissa Fernanda Simielli [UNESP]; De Albuquerque, Lucia Galvão [UNESP]; Silva, Danielly Beraldo Dos Santos [UNESP]; Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS); Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
    The cis-regulatory modules are non-coding DNA regions responsible for controlling gene transcription and being involved in the anatomical and embryonic development of animal species. This study aimed to perform a prediction analysis of cis-regulatory modules in spliced genes associated, commonly, with ribeye area (REA) and intramuscular fat (IF) of Nelore cattle. For this, JuncBASE v.0.9 (Junction-Based Analysis of Splicing Events) software was used to identify and classify exon-centered alternative splicing events in the group of animals selected for REA and IF. The prediction of transcription factors and cis-regulatory modules was performed for the genes found using iRegulon v.1.3. The prediction analysis exhibited 45 cis-regulatory modules, of which module 11 had the highest number (N = 9) of binding sites shared commonly by 11 spliced genes and five transcription factors from the MEF2 family. These modules could potentially regulate spliced exons and, thus, contribute to the production of isoforms, which may be involved in essential pathways and biological processes involved in the evaluated animals muscular development and lipid metabolism.
  • ItemArtigo
    PASTURE MANAGEMENT AND GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS
    (2022-01-01) Cardoso, Abmael da Silva; Longhini, Vanessa Zirondi; Berça, Andressa Scholz [UNESP]; Ongaratto, Fernando [UNESP]; Siniscalchi, Debora [UNESP]; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Ruggieri, Ana Cláudia [UNESP]; University of Florida; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Pastures are important environments worldwide because they offer many ecosystem services and sustain meat and milk production. However, pastures ecosystems are responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The major GHGs include CO2, CH4, and N2O. The present review summarizes GHG emission from pasture ecosystems and discusses strategies to mitigate this problem. In pastures, emissions originate from animal excretion, fertilization, and organic matter decomposition. Emissions of specific gases can be measured based on certain factors that were recently updated by the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2019. Urine is the main source of N2O emission. Forage structure is an important factor driving GHG transport. Forage fiber content and animal intake are the key drivers of enteric CH4 emission, and the introduction of forage legumes in pasture systems is one of the most promising strategy to mitigate GHG emission.
  • ItemErrata
    Sem título
    (2023-01-01) Lima, Ana Rebeca Castro [UNESP]; Silveira, Robson Mateus Freitas; Castro, Maria Samires Martins; Vecchi, Laura Bertolaso De; Souza Bahia, Angélica Santos Rabelo de [UNESP]; Melo, Thaise Pinto de [UNESP]; Fernandes, Márcia Helena Machado da Rocha [UNESP]; Resende, Kléber Tomás [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)
    The authors regret that the names of two authors were missed in the original article - Angélica Santos Rabelo de Souza Bahia and Thaise Pinto de Melo. This corrigendum aims to correct this, and list the contribution of the authors as follows: Authors’ contributions Conceptualization: [A.R.C.Lima]; [RMF Silveira]; [M.S.M.Castro]; [A.S.R.S. Bahia]; [T.P. Melo]; [M. H. M. Da R. Fernandes]; [K.T. Resende]. Writing - preparing the original draft: [A.R.C.Lima]; [RMF Silveira]; A.S.R.S. Bahia]; [T.P. Melo]. Writing – review and editing; [A.R.C.Lima]; [RMF Silveira]; [MSM Castro] [LB De Vecchi] [A.S.R.S. Bahia]; [T.P. Melo]. Supervision: [M. H. M. Da R. Fernandes] [K.T. Resende]. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Figure credits A.R.C.Lima A.S.R.S. Bahia; T.P. Melo; The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
  • ItemArtigo
    Testicular hypoplasia in Nellore Cattle: Genetic analysis and functional analysis of genome-wide association study results
    (2023-03-01) Silva, Thales de Lima [UNESP]; Gondro, Cedric; Fonseca, Pablo Augusto de Souza; da Silva, Delvan Alves; Vargas, Giovana [UNESP]; Neves, Haroldo Henrique de Rezende; Filho, Ivan Carvalho [UNESP]; Teixeira, Caio de Souza [UNESP]; Albuquerque, Lucia Galvão de [UNESP]; Carvalheiro, Roberto [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Michigan State University; University of Guelph; Viçosa Federal University; GenSys Associated Consultants; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
    Characterized by the incomplete development of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, Testicular hypoplasia (TH) leads to decreased sperm concentration, increased morphological changes in sperm and azoospermia. Economic losses resulting from the disposal of affected bulls reduce the efficiency of meat production systems. A genome-wide association study and functional analysis were performed to identify genomic windows and the underlying positional candidate genes associated with TH in Nellore cattle. Phenotypic and pedigree data from 207,195 animals and genotypes (461,057 single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) from 17,326 sires were used in this study. TH was evaluated as a binary trait measured at 18 months of age. A possible correlated response on TH resulting from the selection for scrotal circumference was evaluated by using a two-trait analysis. Thus, estimated breeding values were calculated by fitting a linear-threshold animal model in a Bayesian approach. The SNP effects were estimated using the weighted single-step genomic BLUP method. Twelve non-overlapping windows of 20 adjacent SNP that explained more than 1% of the additive genetic variance were selected for candidate gene annotation. Functional and gene prioritization analysis of the candidate genes identified genes (KHDRBS3, GPX5, STAR, ERLIN2), which might play an important role in the expression of TH due to their known roles in the spermatogenesis process, synthesis of steroids and lipid metabolism.
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    Random regression models using B-splines functions provide more accurate genomic breeding values for milk yield and lactation persistence in Murrah buffaloes
    (2023-03-01) Silva, Alessandra A. [UNESP]; Brito, Luiz F.; Silva, Delvan A.; Lazaro, Sirlene F. [UNESP]; Silveira, Karina R. [UNESP]; Stefani, Gabriela [UNESP]; Tonhati, Humberto [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Purdue University; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)
    There is a great worldwide demand for cheese made with buffalo milk, due to its flavour and nutritional properties. In this context, there is a need for increasing the efficiency of buffalo milk production (including lactation persistence), which can be achieved through genomic selection. The most used methods for the genetic evaluation of longitudinal data, such as milk-related traits, are based on random regression models (RRM). The choice of the best covariance functions and polynomial order for modelling the random effects is an important step to properly fit RRM. To our best knowledge, there are no studies evaluating the impact of the order and covariance function (Legendre polynomials—LEG and B-splines—BSP) used to fit RRM for genomic prediction of breeding values in dairy buffaloes. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to estimate variance components and evaluate the performance of LEG and BSP functions of different orders on the predictive ability of genomic breeding values for the first three lactations of milk yield (MY1, MY2, and MY3) and lactation persistence (LP1, LP2, and LP3) of Brazilian Murrah. Twenty-two models for each lactation were contrasted based on goodness of fit, genetic parameter estimates, and predictive ability. Overall, the models of higher orders of LEG or BSP had a better performance based on the deviance information criterion (DIC). The daily heritability estimates ranged from 0.01 to 0.30 for MY1, 0.08 to 0.42 for MY2, and from 0.05 to 0.47 for MY3. For lactation persistence (LP), the heritability estimates ranged from 0.09 to 0.32 for LP1, from 0.15 to 0.33 for LP2, and from 0.06 to 0.32 for LP3. In general, the curves plotted for variance components and heritability estimates based on BSP models presented lower oscillation along the lactation trajectory. Similar predictive ability was observed among the models. Considering a balance between the complexity of the model, goodness of fit, and credibility of the results, RRM using quadratic B-splines functions based on four or five segments to model the systematic, additive genetic, and permanent environment curves provide better fit with no significant differences between genetic variances estimates, heritabilities, and predictive ability for the genomic evaluation of dairy buffaloes.
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    Performance and enteric methane emission of growing beef bulls from different genetic groups subjected to two supplementation strategies grazing tropical grass in the rainy season
    (2022-11-01) Simioni, T. A. [UNESP]; Messana, J. D. [UNESP]; Silva, L. G. [UNESP]; Brito, L. F. [UNESP]; Torrecihas, J. A. [UNESP]; Granja-Salcedo, Y. T. [UNESP]; Vito, E. San [UNESP]; Lage, J. F.; Reis, R. A. [UNESP]; Berchielli, T. T. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Centro de Investigación El Nus; Trouw Nutrition; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia/Ciência Animal; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
    Improving livestock production through nutrition and breeding can increase efficiency and has the potential to mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. Additionally, supplementing beef cattle in the rainy season balances the dietary protein:energy (P:E) ratio, which can increase animal performance and reduce energy losses from CH4 production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation strategy (SS) and genetic group (GG) on the intake, digestibility, performance, and enteric CH4 emissions of growing beef bulls grazing tropical grass during the rainy season. One hundred sixty-two growing beef bulls averaging (mean ± SD) 10 ± 2 months old and 262 ± 31 kg of initial body weight (BW) were distributed, according to their BW, in a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Factors included (1) two SSs (mineral supplementation at 0.3 g/kg of BW per day and a corn-based supplementation at 3 g/kg of BW per day) and (2) three GGs (Nellore [NN], ½Senepol½Nellore [SN], and ½Angus½Nellore [AN]). Animals were allocated in 12 paddocks composed of Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés for 99 days during the rainy season. Regardless of the GG, the intakes of total DM, supplement DM, OM, CP, aNDFom, EE, and NFC were increased in animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement. The SN bulls had a greater digestibility of DM, OM, and CP, and animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement had greater CP and EE digestibility. There was an interaction between GG and SS for NFC digestibility, which was decreased in AN animals fed a corn-based supplement. However, the corn-based supplementation improved the animal's performance and carcass characteristics as demonstrated by the increase of final BW (kg), ADG (kg), REA (cm2), and FT (mm). Moreover, NN animals fed a corn-based supplement showed an increase in ADG (kg). An interaction between SS and GG was observed for GPH (kg/ha) and CaG (kg), with the greatest values observed in NN and SN animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement. Enteric CH4 emissions (g/d, g/kg of DMI, and g/kg of dOM) were lower in animals fed a corn-based supplement. A decrease in CH4 emissions (g/d) was observed in SN compared to NN animals. In addition, there was an interaction between SS and GG for CH4 emissions (g/kg of CaG), with the lowest values for NN and SN animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement. Taken together, our results demonstrate that corn-based supplementation is an effective nutritional strategy for use in the rainy season, especially for NN and SN genetic groups, to improve animal's performance and carcass characteristics and to decrease enteric CH4 emissions, per unit of product, of growing beef bulls grazing tropical grass.
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    Heteroscedastic Reaction Norm Models Improve the Assessment of Genotype by Environment Interaction for Growth, Reproductive, and Visual Score Traits in Nellore Cattle
    (2022-10-01) Carvalho Filho, Ivan [UNESP]; Silva, Delvan A.; Teixeira, Caio S. [UNESP]; Silva, Thales L. [UNESP]; Mota, Lucio F. M.; Albuquerque, Lucia G. [UNESP]; Carvalheiro, Roberto [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV); University of Padua; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
    The assessment of the presence of genotype by environment interaction (GxE) in beef cattle is very important in tropical countries with diverse climatic conditions and production systems. The present study aimed to assess the presence of GxE by using different reaction norm models for eleven traits related to growth, reproduction, and visual score in Nellore cattle. We studied five reaction norm models (RNM), fitting a linear model considering homoscedastic residual variance (RNM_homo), and four models considering heteroskedasticity, being linear (RNM_hete), quadratic (RNM_quad), linear spline (RNM_l-l), and quadratic spline (RNM_q-q). There was the presence of GxE for age at first calving (AFC), scrotal circumference (SC), weaning to yearling weight gain (WYG), and yearling weight (YW). The best models were RNM_l-l for YW and RNM_q-q for AFC, SC, and WYG. The heritability estimates for RNM_l-l ranged from 0.07 to 0.20, 0.42 to 0.61, 0.24 to 0.42, and 0.47 to 0.63 for AFC, SC, WYG, and YW, respectively. The heteroskedasticity in reaction norm models improves the assessment of the presence of GxE for YW, WYG, AFC, and SC. Additionally, the trajectories of reaction norms for these traits seem to be affected by a non-linear component, and selecting robust animals for these traits is an alternative to increase production and reduce environmental sensitivity.
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    Effects of supplement type during the pre-finishing growth phase on subsequent performance of Nellore bulls finished in confinement or on tropical pasture
    (2022-10-01) Ferrari, Adriana Cristina [UNESP]; Berça, Andressa Scholz [UNESP]; Silva, Maria Luisa Curvêlo [UNESP]; Leite, Rhaony Gonçalves [UNESP]; Dallantonia, Erick Escobar [UNESP]; Romanzini, Eliéder Prates [UNESP]; Barbero, Rondineli Pavezzi; da Silva Cardoso, Abmael; Lage, Josiane Fonseca; Tedeschi, Luís Orlindo; Reis, Ricardo Andrade [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; University of Florida; Global R&D; Texas A&M University
    Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of supplement type fed during the pre-finishing growth phase of grazing Nellore bulls on gain performance during the subsequent finishing phase, either in confinement or on pasture. During the pre-finishing growth phase, bulls were grazed on pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Bulls were supplemented with 1 of 4 supplements: (1) ad libitum mineral mixture (MM), (2) ground corn (GC), (3) GC with soybean meal (SBM), or (4) GC with dried distillers grain (DDGM). All supplements were administered at 3 g/kg of body weight (BW) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Materials and Methods: Eighty bulls were distributed in a completely randomized, 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 pre-finishing supplementation treatments (MM, GC, SBM, or DDGM) and 2 finishing systems (pasture or confinement). Ten cattle from each postweaning treatment were kept on pasture (n = 3 paddocks/treatment), and 10 bulls were housed in confinement pens (n = 3 pens/treatment). Bulls finished on pasture were offered a concentrate supplement consisting of 337.6 g/kg dried distillers grain (DDG), 611.2 g/kg GC, and 56.1 g/kg MM. The final diets offered in the confinement system consisted of 300 g/kg corn silage, 427.8 g/kg GC, 263.3 g/kg DDG, and 35.8 g/kg MM (DM basis). Results and Discussion: During the finishing phase, bulls that received GC and DDGM in pasture consumed more CP than bulls in the confinement system (P = 0.001). Nutrient digestibility was greater among the bulls in pasture than those in confinement (P ≤ 0.001), likely because of the lower proportion of NDF consumed by bulls that expressed selective grazing behavior (P = 0.001). Daily weight gain was affected by pre-finishing history (P = 0.03) and finishing system (P ≤ 0.001) and was lower after SBM supplementation for bulls on pasture (P = 0.009). The final BW (P ≤ 0.001), hot carcass weight (P = 0.005), and fat thickness (P ≤ 0.001) were greater in bulls finished in confinement, but carcass yield was greater in bulls from pasture (P ≤ 0.001). Implications and Applications: Preweaning supplementation affected the intake of nutrients in Nellore bulls finished on pasture postweaning but did not affect the intake of bulls finished in a confinement feedlot. Supplementation with DDGM in the preweaning phase (3 g/kg of BW) did not affect animal performance or carcass traits in either finishing system. Therefore, it is an option for replacing conventional supplements.