Simulação do caminhamento da água da chuva e herbicidas em palhadas utilizadas em sistemas de plantio direto
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Data
2005-09-01
Autores
Maciel, C.D.G. [UNESP]
Velini, Edivaldo Domingues [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas
Resumo
Um experimento foi conduzido no NuPAM/FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP, objetivando avaliar a dinâmica de retenção de água e o caminhamento de um traçante (simulando um herbicida) em diferentes coberturas mortas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelo monitoramento do traçante FD&C-1 pulverizado sobre coberturas mortas de cevada, trigo, aveia-preta colhida, aveia-preta rolada, azevém, milheto e capim-braquiária, nas quantidades de 3.000, 6.000 e 9.000 kg ha-1, antes e após simulação de chuvas. As repetições constituíram-se de oito conjuntos de PVC + funil + béquer com palha, onde, através da chuva lixiviada pelas palhadas e do peso dos suportes de PVC, foram estimadas a retenção e transposição da água, assim como quantificado o traçante extraído, através de procedimentos espectrofotométricos. Os diferentes tipos de resíduos culturais mostraram-se similares quanto à retenção da água da chuva, ocorrendo uniformização entre os primeiros 7,5 e 15 mm de precipitação. A formação de pontos secos associados a canais preferenciais de escorrimento induziu menor capacidade de embebição e retenção da água das chuvas pelas palhadas. As máximas capacidades médias de retenção da chuva pelas coberturas foram de 1,22, 1,99 e 2,59 mm para 3.000, 6.000 e 9.000 kg de matéria seca ha-1, respectivamente. As precipitações iniciais entre 10 e 20 mm foram fundamentais para o molhamento uniforme das palhadas e carregamento do traçante até o solo, independentemente do tipo e da quantidade de palha. Esse comportamento indica ser viável a utilização de programas similares de controle de plantas daninhas para diferentes tipos e quantidades de palha em sistemas de plantio direto.
An experiment was conducted at NuPAM/FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, to evaluate the dynamics of water retention and the path of a tracer (simulating a herbicide) in different crop residues. The treatments were constituted by monitoring of the tracer FD&C-1 on mulches of barley (Hordeum vulgare), perennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), harvested oat (Avena strigosa), rolled oat (A. strigosa), corn (Zea mays), millet (Penisetum americanum) and Surinam grass (Brachiaria decumbens), in the following amounts: 3000, 6000 and 9000 kg ha-1, before and after rain simulation. The replications were eight sets of PVC + Funnel + Becker with straw, with water retention and transposition being estimated and the extracted tracer quantified through the rain leached in the straws and the PVC support weight by using spectrophotometric procedures. The different crop residues were found to be similar regarding rainwater retention, with uniformity occurring between the first 7.5 and 15 mm of rain. The formation of dry points associated to preferential running off channels'' induced the smaller capacity of absorption and retention of the rain water by the straws. The maximum mean capacities of rain retention by the straws were 1.22; 1.99 and 2.59 mm for 3,000, 6,000 and 9,000 kg of dry matter ha-1, respectively. The initial precipitations between 10 and 20 mm were crucial for the uniform wetting of the straws and wash off of the tracer to the soil, regardless of type and amount of straw. This behavior indicates the viability of using similar programs of weed control for different types and amounts of straw under no-tillage systems.
An experiment was conducted at NuPAM/FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, to evaluate the dynamics of water retention and the path of a tracer (simulating a herbicide) in different crop residues. The treatments were constituted by monitoring of the tracer FD&C-1 on mulches of barley (Hordeum vulgare), perennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), harvested oat (Avena strigosa), rolled oat (A. strigosa), corn (Zea mays), millet (Penisetum americanum) and Surinam grass (Brachiaria decumbens), in the following amounts: 3000, 6000 and 9000 kg ha-1, before and after rain simulation. The replications were eight sets of PVC + Funnel + Becker with straw, with water retention and transposition being estimated and the extracted tracer quantified through the rain leached in the straws and the PVC support weight by using spectrophotometric procedures. The different crop residues were found to be similar regarding rainwater retention, with uniformity occurring between the first 7.5 and 15 mm of rain. The formation of dry points associated to preferential running off channels'' induced the smaller capacity of absorption and retention of the rain water by the straws. The maximum mean capacities of rain retention by the straws were 1.22; 1.99 and 2.59 mm for 3,000, 6,000 and 9,000 kg of dry matter ha-1, respectively. The initial precipitations between 10 and 20 mm were crucial for the uniform wetting of the straws and wash off of the tracer to the soil, regardless of type and amount of straw. This behavior indicates the viability of using similar programs of weed control for different types and amounts of straw under no-tillage systems.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
cobertura morta, precipitação, traçante FD & C-1, mulch, wetting dynamics, tracer FD & C-1
Como citar
Planta Daninha. Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas , v. 23, n. 3, p. 471-481, 2005.