Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=taca20 International Journal of Acarology ISSN: 0164-7954 (Print) 1945-3892 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taca20 Two new feather mites of the genus Protonyssus Trouessart, 1916 (Acariformes: Xolalgidae) from Brazilian parakeets (Psittacidae), with a key to species Fabio Akashi Hernandes & Luiz Gustavo A. Pedroso To cite this article: Fabio Akashi Hernandes & Luiz Gustavo A. Pedroso (2017) Two new feather mites of the genus Protonyssus Trouessart, 1916 (Acariformes: Xolalgidae) from Brazilian parakeets (Psittacidae), with a key to species, International Journal of Acarology, 43:3, 204-211, DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2016.1250815 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2016.1250815 Published online: 06 Nov 2016. 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Pedroso Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil ABSTRACT The feather mite genus Protonyssus Trouessart (Xolalgidae: Ingrassiinae) has included four species associated with Neotropical and Old World parrots. In this article, two new species are described from Brazilian parakeets: Protonyssus mironovi sp. nov. from Psittacara leucophthalmus (Statius Müller, 1776), and P. athoracicus sp. nov. from Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1818) (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae). A key to species of the genus Protonyssus is presented. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CE255F6D-014E-40BF-87DA-226C919F08CB ARTICLE HISTORY Received 6 September 2016 Accepted 14 October 2016 Published online 6 November 2016 KEYWORDS Feather mites; Acari; systematics; Psittacidae; ectoparasites; avian mites Introduction The family Xolalgidae (Acariformes: Analgoidea) – along with Analgidae and Psoroptoididae – is one of the three feather mite families that inhabit mostly the downy feathers of birds (Dabert and Mironov 1999). Xolalgids are generally characterized by a weak sclerotization of the idiosoma, femora and genua fused in all legs, only one ventral seta on tarsus III, seta kT absent from tibia IV, and epimerites I fused into a sternum. The family com- prises about 130 species in three subfamilies and 25 genera (Gaud and Atyeo 1981, 1996; Mironov 2004; Dabert et al. 2007), and is one of the most diverse concerning the host range, includ- ing birds from 17 orders, being the only feather mite family recorded from the order Sphenisciformes (penguins) (Gaud and Atyeo 1981; Mironov 2004; Mironov and Proctor 2008). The subfamily Ingrassiinae (Gaud and Atyeo 1996) is the most diverse and associated with a much wider array of hosts in comparison with the Xolalginae and Zumptiinae. In Brazil, xolal- gids are still poorly studied. In a checklist of feather mites of Brazil, Valim et al. (2011) listed only four species, being three from the Ingrassiinae and one Xolalginae; subsequently, five ingrassiines were described – one Hartingiella, two Analloptes, and two Gymnalloptes, from nightjars (Caprimulgidae), passerines (Conopophagidae, Tyrannidae), and hoatzins (Opisthocomidae), respectively (Hernandes 2014; Mironov and Hernandes 2014; Hernandes and Mironov 2015); Leptosphyra centropoda (Mégnin 1877), originally described from the northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus) (Charadriidae), was reported from the south- ern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis (Molina) (Pedroso et al. 2015), and Ingrassia aequinoctialis (Trouessart, 1899), described from Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus, 1758 and P. rubricauda Boddaert, 1783 was reported from P. lepturus Daudin, 1802 (Phaethontidae) (Hernandes et al. 2015). Undetermined species of Dubininia, Analloptes, and Xolalgoides were also reported from parrots (Psittacidae), jacamars (Galbulidae), and passerines (Furnariidae, Tyrannidae, Parulidae, and Vireonidae) of Brazil (Albuquerque et al. 2012; Enout et al. 2012; Silva et al. 2015). Four xolalgid genera – all of which from the Ingrassiinae – associate with parrots (Psittaciformes): Cacatualges Dabert et al. 2007, Dubininia Vassilev, 1958, Fainalges Gaud and Berla, 1964, and Protonyssus; Trouessart 1916. In this article, we describe two new Protonyssus species from para- keets (Psittacidae) of Brazil. A key to species of this genus is presented. Materials and methods The material was retrieved from dead birds sent to the laboratory of Acari of São Paulo State University (UNESP), campus of Rio Claro, and kept in a freezer. Birds were washed and the liquid was filtered in paper filters; the mites were collected from the filters using a dissecting microscope, cleared in 30% lactic acid for 24 h at 50°C, and mounted in Hoyer’s medium according to the standard technique for small mites (Krantz and Walter 2009). After five days at 50°C, the slides were sealed with varnish. Drawings and measuring of mites were made with a Leica DM3000 micro- scope equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and a camera lucida. Pencil sketches were scanned at 300 dpi grayscale and line drawings were created with Adobe Illustrator CS6 and a Wacom Bamboo Create tablet. Type speci- mens are deposited at DZUnesp-RC – Collection of Acari of Department of Zoology of the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil; ZISP – Zoological institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia; UMMZ – Museum of Zoology, the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, USA); USNM – National Insect and Mite Collection, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, located at the SEL-USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, USA; DZSJRP – Acari Collection of Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica of Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. The chaetotaxy of the idiosoma and legs follows Griffiths et al. (1990) and Atyeo and Gaud (1990), respectively, with corrections for coxal setae proposed by Norton (1998). Measurements of particular struc- tures are as described by Mironov et al. (2005). Xolalgidae Dubinin, 1953 Ingrassiinae Gaud and Atyeo, 1981 Protonyssus Trouessart, 1916 Type species: Protalges larva Trouessart, 1885, by original designation. The type species, Protalges larva, was originally described from several Neotropical hosts: “Ara macao, Amazona melanocephala [=Pionites melanocephalus (L.)], et autres perroquets de l’Amérique méridionale” (Trouessart 1885, p. 58). Upon erecting the genus Protonyssus, Trouessart (1916) elected P. larva from Brotogeris jugularis (Statius Müller, 1776) as the type species. Protonyssus integrifolius (Trouessart, 1885) was also described CONTACT Fabio Akashi Hernandes abakashi@gmail.com © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY, 2017 VOL. 43, NO. 3, 204–211 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2016.1250815 Published online 06 Nov 2016 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CE255F6D-014E-40BF-87DA-226C919F08CB http://www.tandfonline.com from various Neotropical psittacids: “Ara severus, Conurus cruen- tatus [=Pyrrhura cruentata], C. smaragdinus [=Enicognathus ferru- gineus], Psittacula virescens [=Brotogeris versicolurus], de l’Amérique méridionale”. The two additional Protonyssus species were each described from a single host species: Protonyssus brevis (Trouessart, 1885) from Psittacula lunulata (=Bolbopsittacus lunu- latus, Psittaculidae) from the Philippines, and Protonyssus proc- torae Mironov et al. 2005, from the extinct Conuropsis carolinensis, from North America (Trouessart 1885, 1916; Gaud 1980; Gaud and Atyeo 1981; Mironov et al. 2005). An undetermined species was recently reported from the two species of Enicognathus, E. ferru- gineus (Statius Müller, 1776) and E. leptorhynchus (King, 1831) in Chile (Valdebenito et al. 2015). The genus Protonyssus currently comprises six species, includ- ing the two new species described herein. Both sexes of Protonyssus have blade-like setae mG on genua II, males have well-developed interlobar membrane, and females have well- developed hysteronotal shields, and epigynum encompassing setae 4a, g, and genital papillae. Protonyssus mironovi Hernandes and Pedroso sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type material Holotype male, 9 male and 14 female paratypes ex Psittacara leucophthalmus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), 9 March 2010, Faz. Mt. D’Este, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 22°49’S 47°02'W, D. Vilas Boas-Filho coll. (#684). Type deposition Holotype and paratypes DZUnesp-RC; paratypes at ZISP, UMMZ, USNM, and DZSJRP. Male (holotype, range for 8 paratypes in parentheses). Anterior end of idiosoma with triangular rostral projection (Figure 1(a)). Idiosoma length from anterior end of prodorsal shield to bases of setae h3 507 (466–516), greatest width 267 (243–268). Setae se separated by 116 (108–119). Prodorsal, scapular, humeral, and hysteronotal shields fused, covering almost entire idiosoma dor- sally. Humeral setae cp blade-like, 159 long (137–155), 22 wide (14–24); setae c3 short setiform. Opisthosomal lobes narrow, slightly divergent posteriorly, terminal cleft very wide, with nar- row and long median extension reaching posterior margins of lobes, distance between setae h3 167 (158–174). The entire term- inal cleft occupied by interlobar membrane, free margin of this membrane outlines medially a blunt-angular incision and laterally a pair of shallow convexities. Supranal concavity well-developed, closed, shaped as a teardrop or wide-based pear. Distances between hysteronotal setal rows: c2–d2 108 (102–114), d2–e2 112 (94–115), e2–h3 118 (101–120). Coxal fields III open in anteromedian angle, anterior ends of epimerites IIIa wide. Coxal fields IV sclerotized. Genital apparatus narrow, 26 long (22–40), genital apodemes fused into narrow arch about 52 long (45–52) (Figure 1(b)). Genital shield represented by narrow longitudinal sclerite bearing setae g in anterior end. Adanal shield bow-shaped, bearing setae ps3. Setae 4b anterior to 3a. Distances between ventral setal rows: 4b–g 47 (39–48), g–ps 381 (71–82). Figure 1. Protonyssus mironovi sp. nov., male. A – dorsal view, B – ventral view. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY 205 Setae mG of femorogenua II lanceolate, 79 long (60–79), 10 (7– 9) wide; setae cG II spine-like. Legs III and IV with tarsi extending beyond the level of lobar apices. Setae sR of trochanters III thickened in basal part, with small basal spine. Tarsus III with apical hook-shaped process (Figure 2(c)). Tarsus IV with apical extension bearing three to four small teeth (Figure 2(d)). Legs III (femorogenu, tibia, and tarsus excluding pretarsus): 127 (98–123), 113 (98–119), 94 (87–101), respectively. Legs IV (femorogenu, tibia, tarsus; ambulacral stalk and pretarsus not included): 70 (48–73), 58 (50–66), 37 (34–38), respectively. Female (range for 8 paratypes). Anterior end of idiosoma with rostral projection as in the male. Idiosomal length 444–468, great- est width 175–195. Prodorsal shield 89–96 in length along med- ian line, 55–66 in width at posterior margin; setae se separated by 85–93; posterior part of prodorsal (at level of scapular setae si and se) shield touching hysteronotal shield, this latter shield having a long median sclerotized ridge, length of hysteronotal shield along median line 288–305 (from the level of scapular setae to posterior margin at level anterior to setae e2), greatest width 133–145 (Figure 3(a)); hysteronotal area posterior to setae e2 with striated tegument. Humeral setae cp large, blade-like with gradually thin apex and smooth margins, 167–208 long, 8–14 wide; setae d2 thick setiform, 60–71 long; setae e2 thick setiform, 27–43 long, setae f2 with a basal additional spine, 30–37 long; setae ps1 thick, setiform, 26–35 long. Distances between hysteronotal setae and setal rows: c2–d2 132–150, d2–e2 91–100, e2–h2 53–61, h2–h2 57–62. Epigynum as elongated arch, 62–67 long, 79–88 wide; sclerotized apodemes of oviporus extending to mid-level of tro- chanters III (Figure 3(b)). Femorogenua I, II with small lateroapical spine, setae cG II blade-like without additional basal spine, setae mG II as in the male; setae sR of trochanter III thickened, with small basal spine, 52–59 long. Tibiae III, IV greatly elongated. Differential diagnosis The new species, Protonyssus mironovi sp. n., is close to P. integrifolius (Trouessart, 1885) in having setae cp smooth in both sexes, the terminal cleft with a median incision posterior to the supranal concavity (lobes “M-shaped”) in males, and the median ridge of hysteronotal shield running almost the entire length in females. Protonyssus mironovi sp. n. is distinguished from P. integrifolius in having setae e2 and d2 relatively shorter – Figure 2. Protonyssus mironovi sp. nov. A–D, F, G – dorsal view of leg segments, E ventral. A–C – Femorogenu, tibia and tarsus of legs I–III of male; D – tibia and tarsus IV of male; E – distal part of tarsus III of male; F–G – distal part of tibia and tarsus III–IV of female. H–I – dorsal view of opisthosoma of male (H) and female (I). 206 F. A. HERNANDES AND L. G. A. PEDROSO e2 24–30 μm, reaching about halfway to bases of f2; and seta d2 not reaching the margins of the semicircular fold on the poster- ior part of the hysteronotal shield. In females of P. integrifolius setae e2 are about 40 μm and reach the bases of f2; seta d2 surpass the semicircular fold on the posterior part of the hyster- onotal shield. Etymology The specific name is given after Dr. Sergey V. Mironov (Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), the world expert of feather mites, in recognition to his efforts to the systematics of feather mites. Protonyssus athoracicus Hernandes and Pedroso sp. nov. (Figures 4–6) Type material Holotype male, 6 male and 5 female paratypes ex Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1818) (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), October, 2013, Pedreira, SP, Brazil, 22°44’S 46°54’W, D. Vilas Boas-Filho coll. (# 1113). Type deposition Holotype and paratypes at DZUnesp-RC; paratypes at ZISP and UMMZ. Male (holotype, range for 6 paratypes in parentheses). Anterior end of idiosoma with short and rounded rostral projection (Figure 4(a)). Idiosoma length from anterior end of prodorsal shield to bases of setae h3 368 (353–377), greatest width 185 (171–187). Setae se separated by 82 (76–81). Prodorsal, scapular, humeral, and hysteronotal shields fused, covering almost entire idiosoma dorsally. Humeral setae cp blade-like, 151 long (128– 170), 22 wide (13–25); setae c3 short setiform. Opisthosomal lobes narrow, slightly divergent posteriorly, terminal cleft semicircular, distance between setae h3 104 (97–103). Whole terminal cleft occupied by interlobar membrane, free margin of membrane concave, almost semicircular, with two small and acute terminal extensions near each lobar apex. Supranal concavity well-devel- oped, closed, slightly enlarged posteriorly. Distances between hysteronotal setal rows: c2–d2 95 (93–100), d2–e2 70 (74–82), e2–h3 81 (69–75). Coxal fields III open in anteromedian angle, anterior ends of epimerites IIIa wide (Figure 4(b)). Epimerite IIIa short, not reaching Figure 3. Protonyssus mironovi sp. nov., female. A – dorsal view, B – ventral view. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY 207 posterior extremities of epimerites II. Coxal fields IV sclerotized. Genital apparatus narrow, 26 long (21–30); genital apodemes fused into narrow arch about 33 long (31–38). Genital shield represented by narrow longitudinal sclerite bearing setae g in anterior end. Adanal shield bow-shaped, bearing setae ps3. Setae 4b anterior to 3a. Distances between ventral setal rows: 4b–g 31 (29–33), g–ps3 63 (58–63). Setae mG of femorogenua II blade-like, 65 long (58–70), 10 (5– 13) wide; setae cG II blade-like, with a small spine basally. Legs IV with tarsus extending beyond level of lobar. Setae sR of trochan- ters III thickened, with basal spine. Tarsus III with apical hook- shaped process (Figure 6(c)). Tarsus IV with apical extension bearing three to four small teeth (Figure 6(d)). Legs III (femoro- genu, tibia, and tarsus excluding pretarsus): 82 (74–84), 89 (84– 88), 77 (73–84), respectively. Legs IV (femorogenu, tibia, and tarsus excluding pretarsus): 41 (38–41), 43 (37–43), 27 (25–34), respectively. Female (range for 5 paratypes). Anterior end of idiosoma with very short rounded extension. Idiosomal length 348–370, greatest width 143–155. Prodorsal shield 52–63 in length along median line, 35–43 in width at posterior margin; setae se separated by 64–68; posterior part of prodorsal (posterior to scapular setae si and se) shield touching hysteronotal shield, and having long median sclerotized ridge, length of hysteronotal shield along median line 240–255, greatest width 89–98 (Figure 5(a)); area surrounding and posterior to setae e2 with striated tegument. Humeral setae cp large, blade-like with gradually thin apex and smooth margins, 136–156 long, 7–11 wide; setae d2 very thick setiform, 62–73 long; setae e2 thick setiform, 24–30 long, setae f2 with a basal additional spine, 21–34 long; setae ps1 setiform, 19–32 long. Distances between hysteronotal setae and setal rows: c2–d2 99–107, d2–e2 81–88, e2–h2 42–47, h2–h2 47–52. Epigynum as elongated arch, 49–55 long, 64–74 wide; sclerotized apodemes of oviporus extending to mid-level of trochanters III (Figure 5(b)). Femorogenua I, II without small lateroapical spine, setae cG II thickened blade-like, setae mG II slightly thinner than in the male; setae sR of trochanter III thickened, with small basal spine, 34–45 long. Differential diagnosis Protonyssus athoracicus sp. nov. is most similar to P. larva by the semicircular shape of the male opisthosomal lobes. It differs from the latter species most noticeably by the females, which lack the transverse rib-like extensions on the median groove of the hys- teronotal shield. Females of P. larva have 7–8 transverse rib-like protrusions on each side of the median groove (see Gaud and Atyeo 1996, p. 25, Figure 6(f)). Figure 4. Protonyssus athoracicus sp. nov., male. A – dorsal view, B – ventral view. 208 F. A. HERNANDES AND L. G. A. PEDROSO Etymology Combining of a (without, G.) and thorax (θώραξ, thorax, rib cage, G.), referring to the absence of the rib-like lateral projections of the longitudinal median ridge in females. Key to Protonyssus species 1. In males, terminal cleft roughly semicircular; in females, hys- teronotal shield with or without a median ridge ..................... 2 1'. In males, terminal cleft M-shaped because of a long and narrow median extension; in females, hysteronotal shield with a median ridge on dorsal shields ..................................................... 4 2. In females, median longitudinal ridge of hysteronotal shield with 7–8 transverse ribs on each side (see Gaud and Atyeo 1996, p. 25, Figure 6(f)) ........................ P. larva (Trouessart 1885) 2'. In females, median longitudinal ridge, if present, without trans- verse ribs ........................................................................................................... 3 3. In both sexes, seta cp simple, setiform; in females, hysteronotal shield without median ridge ..... ..... P. brevis (Trouessart, 1885) 3'. In box sexes, setae cp expanded laterally, blade-like; in females, hysteronotal shield with a median ridge ............................................ .............................................................................. P. athoracicus sp. nov. 4. In both sexes, seta cp with inner margin indented (serrated) ... ...................... P. proctorae Trouessart 1885 (Mironov et al. 2005) 4'. In both sexes, seta cp with both margins smooth .................... 5 5. In females, setae e2 about 40μm long, reaching bases of setae f2; setae d2 extending to midlevel of semicircular fold on the posterior part of hysteronotal shield ......... ......... P. integrifolius) 5'. In females, setae e2 24–30μm long; setae d2 reaching the anterior margin of the semicircular fold on the posterior part of hystero- notal shield ................................ ................................ P. mironovi sp. nov. Acknowledgements To David Vilas Boas-Filho for collecting the dead bird specimens. To Dr Mark Judson (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France) for allowing FAH to examine type specimens in the Trouessart Collection. To three anonymous reviewers for their Figure 5. Protonyssus athoracicus sp. nov., female. A – dorsal view, B – ventral view. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY 209 invaluable suggestions. This study was supported by the FAPESP– São Paulo Research Foundation (2011/50145-0). Funding This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo [2011/50145-0]. References Albuquerque DAD, Brener B, Menna-Barreto RFS, Brun SF. 2012. The first identification of Nymphicilichus perezae Mironov and Galloway, 2002 in cockatiels in Brazil and the first record of Psittophagus sp. Gaud and Atyeo, 1996 and cf. Dubininia sp. Vassilev, 1958 in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1792). Parasitology International. 61:572–578. Atyeo WT, Gaud J. 1966. The chaetotaxy of sarcoptiform feather mites (Acarina: Analgoidea). 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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY 211 Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Type material Type deposition Differential diagnosis Etymology Type material Type deposition Differential diagnosis Etymology Acknowledgements Funding References