B S t A a b c a A R A A A K E I P N I i P t f F a c t b e s d t 0 ( Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60 (2016) 177–181 REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE Entomologia A Journal on Insect Diversity and Evolution www.rbentomologia .com iological Control and Crop Protection ize and flight ability of Telenomus remus parasitoids reared on eggs of he factitious host Corcyra cephalonica line Pomari-Fernandesa, Adeney de Freitas Buenob,∗, Sérgio Antonio De Bortoli c Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR, Brazil Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR, Brazil Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil r t i c l e i n f o rticle history: eceived 19 October 2015 ccepted 12 February 2016 vailable online 4 March 2016 ssociate Editor: Daniel R. Sosa-Gomez eywords: gg parasitoid nsect mass rearing latygastridae atural enemy a b s t r a c t In two independent bioassays, size and flight ability of parasitoids reared on eggs of Corcyra cephalonica for 19 generations and parasitoids reared on a natural host (Spodoptera frugiperda eggs) for 250 gener- ations were compared as fast quality control procedures for insect rearing. The size of parasitoids was examined by morphometric analysis using a stereoscope. Length and width of the wings, right hind tibia, and the body of 20 individuals (males and females) were measured. In the analysis of flight ability, parasitoids were divided into three groups: individuals able to fly (“flyers”), individuals that did not fly but had no visible deformation (“walkers”), and individuals with visible deformation (“deformed”). We observed that parasitoids were larger when reared on the natural host than on the factitious host for all evaluated morphological characters. However, there was no significant difference between the treat- ments regarding the number of “flyers”, “walkers” or “deformed” parasitoids. This indicates that even though the rearing of T. remus on a factitious host affects parasitoid size, it does not necessarily affect its flight ability and therefore suggests that C. cephalonica is suitable as a factitious host for mass rearing of T. remus. Other biological parameters still need to be evaluated, such as host finding ability, parasitism capacity, and parasitoid field efficacy in order to provide a more complete picture of the effects caused by a host change. However, because fast laboratory tests are needed in rearing facilities, the one used in this study might be useful to rapidly assess parasitoid quality. © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open he CC access article under t ntroduction Telenomus remus (Nixon, 1937) (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) s an egg parasitoid of various Lepidoptera species (Cave, 2000, omari et al., 2012), currently only reared on a small scale due to he inherent difficulties of rearing it on its natural host, Spodoptera rugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Pomari- ernandes et al., 2014). Spodoptera frugiperda rearing is too time- nd resource-consuming (Perkins, 1979), mainly because of larval annibalism, which requires the rearing of larvae in individual vials o decrease pre-imaginal mortality (Chapman et al., 2000). A possi- le alternative is rearing the parasitoid on a factitious host. Natural nemy rearing on factitious hosts is a determining factor for the uccess of many biological control programs because it reduces pro- uction costs and increases the viability for the large-scale use of he biocontrol agent (Parra, 1997). ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail: adeney.bueno@embrapa.br (A. de Freitas Bueno). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.02.004 085-5626/© 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Ed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). It is crucial that laboratory-reared insects remain capable of controlling target pests in the field similar to biological control agents found in nature (Clarke and McKenzie, 1992). This has been one of the main goals of insect-rearing facilities that were cre- ated to supply biological control programs with natural enemies of target pests. Therefore, quality control of the produced insect is a key factor for the success of most biological control programs, with the overall quality of the natural enemy defined as its abil- ity to control target pests after its release in the field (Clarke and McKenzie, 1992). However, field evaluation can be expensive and ineffective if it is not clearly defined. Thus, fast and easy-to-perform laboratory tests are of theoretical and practical interest. They can give an indication of field performance and probably make a more labor-intensive field evaluation unnecessary. For example, in order to improve rearing of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC Global Working Group: Quality Control of Mass Reared Arthropods) recommends the eval- uation of seven different biological variables in the laboratory (van Lenteren, 2003). However, Prezotti (2001) reported that only the itora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.02.004 www.rbentomologia.com http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.rbe.2016.02.004&domain=pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ mailto:adeney.bueno@embrapa.br dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.02.004 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 1 asileir v a r e r 1 m f l o m ( t t o d h p i t b M P u S w o fi r h d c i i Z d a C s ( r C c g e a e t w M i o s r F o 78 A. Pomari-Fernandes et al. / Revista Br ariables longevity, parasitism index, and flight activity need to be ssessed to maintain the high quality standards required for mass earing of this egg parasitoid. Flying and walking are important characteristics for a natural nemy’s performance under field conditions since they are directly elated to its foraging and dispersal capacity (Gardner and Lenteren, 986). It is important to point out that the values of these traits ay change across generations during mass rearing, and there- ore should be closely monitored. Thus, to ensure the quality of aboratory-produced parasitoids, it is important to develop meth- ds that assess the ability of parasitoids to fly and walk. In addition, insect morphology must be considered, which ay be influenced by environmental variation and host changes Grenier et al., 2001). Parasitoid size is a morphological parameter hat might be impaired by host choice. Therefore, this study aimed o evaluate the size and flight ability of T. remus reared on eggs f the factitious host Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1866) (Lepi- optera: Pyralidae) compared to those reared on eggs of the natural ost S. frugiperda in order to determine differences between those arasitoids. This research generated information that will help to mprove the quality control of future T. remus mass production in he laboratory as well as the use of this egg parasitoid in extensive iocontrol programs. aterial and methods arasitoid and host colonies Corcyra cephalonica eggs, S. frugiperda eggs and T. remus females sed in the experiments came from insect colonies kept at Embrapa oybean, Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil. Spodoptera frugiperda as originally collected from maize plants in Rio Verde, State f Goiás, and has been kept in the laboratory for approximately ve years. This species is reared under laboratory-controlled envi- onmental conditions (25 ± 2 ◦C temperature, 70 ± 10% relative umidity, and 14/10 h photoperiod [L/D]) and fed on the artificial iet described by Greene et al. (1976) and Parra (2001). Corcyra ephalonica was supplied by UNESP/Jaboticabal and has been kept n the laboratory for approximately three years. Corcyra cephalonica s reared on its natural diet, using a methodology adapted from eller (1879) for rearing Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyrali- ae) (Parra, 1997). Telenomus remus was originally collected in Ecuador and reared t the parasitoid rearing facilities of ESALQ/USP (Luiz de Queiroz ollege of Agriculture/University of São Paulo), from where some pecimens were transferred to Embrapa Soybean seven years around 250 generations) ago. At Embrapa Soybean laboratory, T. emus was reared on both S. frugiperda egg masses and on unviable . cephalonica (up to 24 h) eggs in order to provide two distinct olonies (reared on different hosts). In each colony, host eggs were lued onto white Bristol board (2.5 cm × 5 cm) and placed with ggs previously parasitized by T. remus. Small drops of honey were dded to the inside of these tubes to feed the adults as soon as they merged. The tubes were then closed, and the eggs were allowed o be parasitized for 24 h. The adults that emerged from these eggs ere used for trials or colony maintenance. orphological characters of Telenomus remus The experiment was carried out in a 5 × 2 factorial random- zed block design (5 parasitoids × 2 parasitoid genders – female r male) with 10 replicates consisting of one adult that was mea- ured individually. Therefore, 10 male and 10 female parasitoids eared on C. cephalonica eggs from four different generations (F1, F8, 13, and F19) were analyzed and compared with parasitoids reared n S. frugiperda. Telenomus remus reared on S. frugiperda eggs and a de Entomologia 60 (2016) 177–181 exposed to parasitism on C. cephalonica eggs formed the F0 gen- eration. The F1 generation was the first generation of parasitoids reared on C. cephalonica eggs, and successively afterwards. For each replicate (adult insect), morphometric evaluations of length and width of the right anterior wing, length of the right hind tibia, and body length (head to the tip of the abdomen) were performed. To measure morphological characters, each specimen was photographed in a stereoscopic microscope (Leica Application Suite, Version 1.6.0). Images were used for morphometric analysis with the software Image J (Version 1.47). Flight ability of Telenomus remus The trial was carried out in controlled environmental condi- tions inside a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) climate chamber (ELETROLab®, model EL 212, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) set at 70 ± 10% humidity, temperature of 25 ± 2 ◦C, and 12/12 h photoperiod (L/D). Experimental design was completely randomized with 5 treat- ments (T. remus from C. cephalonica eggs of the F1, F8, F13, and F19 generations and T. remus from eggs of the natural host, S. frugiperda) and 10 replicates. Each replicate contained 100–150 pupae of T. remus reared on C. cephalonica (F1, F8, F13, and F19) or S. frugiperda eggs. Around the time of emergence, those T. remus pupae were put on a plastic plate of 2.5 cm diameter and 1 cm height, which was placed on the bottom of each replicate. This protocol was originally proposed by Dutton and Bigler (1995) and adapted in ESALQ-USP (Prezotti et al., 2002), as briefly described in the following. Replicates consisted of a cage made of a PVC cylinder (18 cm high and 11 cm in diameter). The interior of the cage was painted with black ink on a white acrylic latex layer to facilitate attachment. The bottom of the cage was sealed with flexible black plastic (larger than the tube diameter) fitted tightly by a Styrofoam disk approxi- mately one centimeter thick and of the same diameter as the tube. After fitting, the protruding portion of the plastic was fixed to the tube by elastic bands, creating a perfect seal and preventing the escape of parasitoids. Then, entomological adhesive (composed of polybutene and synthetic silica) was spread over the walls of the cage (3.5 cm from the bottom), to serve as a trap for “walkers” (par- asitoids that were unable to fly but could walk and had no visible deformation). A transparent Petri dish sprayed with entomological adhesive was placed on top of the cylinder to serve as a trap for flying parasitoids. The position and the number of parasitoids in the adhesive ring (“walkers”), in the Petri dish (“flyers”), and “deformed” were recorded and used to calculate their percentages of the total num- ber of emerged adults. The parasitoids considered “non-flyers” were observed under a stereoscope to determine the percentage of individuals with wing deformities (“deformed”) (Prezotti et al., 2002). Data analyses Prior to ANOVA, experimental results were subjected to exploratory analyses to assess the assumptions of normality of residuals (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965) and homogeneity of vari- ance of the treatments (Burr and Foster, 1972) and, if necessary, transformed for ANOVA. For “Deformed” parasitoids, data was transformed by √ X + 0.5. The treatment means were then com- pared by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level (SAS Institute, 2001). Results Morphological characters of Telenomus remus There was no interaction between parasitoids and gender in the factorial analyses (Table 1), and therefore both factors were A. Pomari-Fernandes et al. / Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60 (2016) 177–181 179 Table 1 Telenomus remus: measurements of morphological characters (mm) when reared on the eggs of the natural host (Spodoptera frugiperda) and the factitious host (Corcyra cephalonica). Parameter Morphological characters (cm)a Wing length Wing width Body length Right hind length Parasitoid S. frugiperdab 0.546 ± 0.008 a 0.176 ± 0.003 a 0.601 ± 0.013 a 0.152 ± 0.004 a C. cephalonicac F1 0.485 ± 0.007 b 0.152 ± 0.003 b 0.551 ± 0.008 b 0.132 ± 0.003 c C. cephalonica F8 0.490 ± 0.006 b 0.157 ± 0.003 b 0.584 ± 0.010 ab 0.146 ± 0.003 ab C. cephalonica F13 0.487 ± 0.007 b 0.149 ± 0.003 b 0.567 ± 0.012 ab 0.131 ± 0.003 c C. cephalonica F19 0.476 ± 0.007 b 0.151 ± 0.002 b 0.570 ± 0.010 ab 0.140 ± 0.003 bc Gender Female 0.483 ± 0.005 B 0.155 ± 0.002ns 0.601 ± 0.007 A 0.132 ± 0.002 B Male 0.510 ± 0.006 A 0.159 ± 0.002 0.547 ± 0.005 B 0.149 ± 0.002 A Statistics CV (%) 5.81 8.17 6.80 8.18 Fhost/generation 18.85 14.13 4.71 12.61 Fgender 21.41 2.98 48.95 54.01 Fhost/generation*gender 0.10 0.19 0.60 1.35 phost/generation <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0018 <0.0001 pgender <0.0001 0.0881 <0.0001 <0.0001 phost/generation*gender 0.9829 0.9408 0.6624 0.2599 a Means (±SE) followed by the same lower case letter in host/generation and capital letters in gender parameters did not statistically differ (Tukey test, p > 0.05) for each morphological character. enera a w l ( h h h o d C s F w w F r c r T T 8 b T. remus reared on eggs of S. frugiperda by approximately 250 generations. c T. remus reared on eggs of C. cephalonica by 1 (F1), 8 (F8), 13 (F13), and 19 (F19) g ns Non-significant. nalyzed independently. In the parasitoids analysis, differences ere observed in all evaluated morphological characters: wing ength, wing width, body length, and right hind tibia length Table 1). Overall, morphological measurements (mm) of T. remus ad higher values when the parasitoid was reared on the natural ost, S. frugiperda. Wing length and width values were significantly igher of T. remus reared on S. frugiperda than of parasitoids reared n C. cephalonica eggs (F1, F8, F13, and F19 generations). Body length id not differ between parasitoids reared on eggs of S. frugiperda or . cephalonica F8, F13, and F19. Also, the right hind tibia length was imilar between parasitoids from S. frugiperda and C. cephalonica 8 (Table 1). In the analysis of the factor gender, males had longer ings and tibiae than females but shorter body length. In contrast, ing width did not differ between the genders (Table 1). light ability of Telenomus remus The total number of parasitoids emerging from the 100 to 150 T. emus pupae was similar for the two hosts, varying from 114.8 (C. ephalonica F1) to 127.6 (S. frugiperda) (Table 2). The number of T. emus “flyers” reared on S. frugiperda eggs (102.8) did not differ from able 2 elenomus remus: flight ability (mean ± SE number of parasitoids emerged from different Host Ga Total parasitoidsb Flyersc S. frugiperda * 127.6 ± 3.9ns 102.8 ± C. cephalonica F1 114.8 ± 4.2 96.8 ± C. cephalonica F8 116.4 ± 2.0 96.4 ± C. cephalonica F13 122.7 ± 4.2 101.9 ± C. cephalonica F19 126.9 ± 2.4 106.3 ± CV (%) 9.03 8.39 F 2.87 2.47 p 0.0336 0.057 a Generation of parasitoids used in the treatment (*T. remus was reared on eggs of S. fru (F8), 13 (F13), and 19 (F19) generations). b Total number of parasitoids emerged in the treatment (Flyer + Walkers + Deformed). c Number of parasitoids able to fly, and its proportion (%) of the total number of parasi d Number of parasitoids that did not fly but had no visible deformation, and its proport e Number of parasitoids with visible deformation, and its proportion (%) of the total nu f Statistics performed on transformed data by √ X + 0.5. ns Non-significant. tions. that of parasitoids reared on C. cephalonica eggs in the F1 (96.8), F8 (96.4), F13 (101.9), and F19 (106.3) generations (between 80.33% and 84.43% “flyers”, Table 2). Likewise, the number of parasitoids with- out any visible deformation that did not fly (“walkers”) were similar between treatments. In addition, “deformed” parasitoids were less than 1% in each treatment, and did not differ between treatments (Table 2). Discussion The observed reduction in morphological characters of T. remus when switching from egg of a natural to those of a factitious host might be associated with the different forms and sizes of both host eggs. Moreover, different host eggs might have different surfaces, chorion structures, and other egg properties during embryonic development (Cônsoli et al., 1999). Those host features were previ- ously pointed out as important factors for T. remus parasitism and development by Bueno et al. (2014). There is an important differ- ence in shape between eggs of C. cephalonica, which are ellipsoidal (mean length 573.5 mm and mean width 346.1 mm) and eggs of S. frugiperda, which are almost spherical (mean length 454.9 mm hosts). Walkersd Deformede,f 2.7ns (80.83%) 23.9 ± 2.4ns (18.49%) 0.9 ± 0.2ns (0.68%) 3.4 (84.43%) 17.3 ± 1.8 (14.92%) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.64%) 1.9 (82.89%) 19.7 ± 1.7 (16.86%) 0.3 ± 0.2 (0.25%) 3.0 (83.33%) 20.2 ± 2.7 (16.17%) 0.6 ± 0.3 (0.50%) 2.3 (83.84%) 20.0 ± 1.9 (15.70%) 0.6 ± 0.2 (0.47%) 17.68 21.38 1.09 0.98 8 0.3753 0.4261 giperda for approximately 250 generations and on eggs of C. cephalonica for 1 (F1), toids emerged. ion (%) of the total number of parasitoids emerged. mber of parasitoids emerged. 1 asileir a r 1 ( p N a ( m r o s l t w A i h t l f 2 t a ( s f r t a e g H a f c b h n t a f c s e s w o o p t m p s w r o t t f n t 80 A. Pomari-Fernandes et al. / Revista Br nd mean width 390.2 mm) (Cônsoli et al., 1999). Host size is eported to be directly related to parasitoid dimensions (Gautum, 986). For example, adults of T. remus, reared on Agrotis spinifera Hubner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs were larger than arasitoids from Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: octuidae) eggs, which are smaller. However, both C. cephalonica nd S. frugiperda eggs have a similar volume of around 0.036 mm3 Cônsoli et al., 1999). This indicates that the host influence on the orphology of the produced parasitoids is not due to egg size alone. For example, different time spans of co-evolution between T. emus and its various hosts may have resulted in different degrees f adaptation to each specific host egg (Bueno et al., 2009). The tudied T. remus colony has been reared on S. frugiperda eggs under aboratory conditions for about 250 generations, possibly leading o better adaptation of the parasitoid strain to this host compared ith C. cephalonica, which was reared for only 19 generations. s a consequence, memory of the original host may be involved n host-locating ability and host acceptance and therefore may ave influenced the results reported here. However, it is impor- ant to point out that parasitoids display interspecific variation in earning rate and memory dynamics that reflects variation in the oraging task and largely determines their fitness (Hoedjes et al., 011). Host preference innate to the species (pre-imaginal condi- ioning) might be altered by learning rate and memory dynamics s a result of experience gained during foraging and parasitism Pomari-Fernandes et al., 2015). Although learning is usually con- idered as more important for generalists, it is also a crucial factor or specialist parasitoid wasps (Hoedjes et al., 2011) such as T. emus. Parasitoids can change their innate preferences for odor cues hat guide them to patches of hosts (Hoedjes et al., 2011). Associ- ting the signs learned during parasitism or during development nables parasitoid females to locate and parasitize its host with reater efficiency and speed (Cobert, 1985; Nurindah et al., 1999; oedjes et al., 2011), a phenomenon known as �-conditioning or ssociative learning (Vinson, 1998; Nurindah et al., 1999). There- ore, although female parasitoids have an innate preference for ertain odors, foraging efficiency of most species is optimized y associative learning (Hoedjes et al., 2011). Parasitoids which ad experienced the presence of a certain host species, thereafter arrow their (olfactory) ‘search image’ by learning, as a form of emporal specialization (Hoedjes et al., 2011). In addition, morphological characters are listed in the literature s good indicators of the fitness and fertility of adult parasitoids rom different hosts and rearing facilities. Changing host species an clearly impact parasitoid morphology, as reported for different pecies of the genus Trichogramma (Kazmer and Luck, 1991; Grenier t al., 2001). Differences among hosts can be due to various rea- ons. For example, S. frugiperda lays its eggs in superposed masses hile C. cephalonica lays its eggs individually. This can affect not nly parasitism but also the host’s suitability for parasitoid devel- pment (Cônsoli et al., 1999), directly affecting the quality of the roduced parasitoids. Therefore, to study these differences in order o determine an appropriate host for parasitoid mass rearing that aximizes production, reduces costs, and does not change the mor- hological characters of natural enemies might be important for the uccess of a biological control program (Vaz et al., 2004). Even though individuals of T. remus reared on C. cephalonica ere smaller (mainly in their wing dimensions) than individuals eared on S. frugiperda eggs, no impairment in flying capacity was bserved in the laboratory test (short distance). The similarity in he percentages of flying individuals from C. cephalonica (genera- ions F1, F8, F13, and F19) and individuals from the natural host S. rugiperda indicates that while the reduction in wing size was sig- ificant, it was not sufficient to compromise the flight ability of he insect. The average percentage (≈83%) of parasitoids captured a de Entomologia 60 (2016) 177–181 on the cover (“flyers”) was similar to that found by other authors using the same protocol for other parasitoid species. Rodrigues et al. (2009) found averages from 85.9 to 97.7% of flying individuals and Prezotti et al. (2002) reported mean percentages between 74.7 and 90.6% for T. pretiosum. The similarity of results suggests that the protocol tested can also be used to study the flight activity of T. remus for quality control in mass rearing facilities. The average percentage of “walkers” caught in the glue ring (≈16%) was higher than that obtained in other studies using T. pretiosum (Prezotti et al., 2002; Rodrigues et al., 2009), which is probably related to behavioral differences between species. The percentage of these individuals with deformities such as stunted or folded wings was less than 1%. This confirms that the visual obser- vation of the percentage of individuals with deformed wings alone is insufficient to characterize the quality of the parasitoid, since almost all of the “walkers” apparently had normal wings (Prezotti et al., 2002). These non-flying individuals should be better evalu- ated before determining whether they could have a negative effect on biological control programs. Gardner and Lenteren (1986) con- sidered that both flying and walking are important features for the performance of natural enemies in field conditions, as they relate to foraging and dispersal. Considering both the morphometry and the flight test, our results suggest that the host-specific size differences of T. remus especially regarding wing length and width, did not necessarily affect the flight activity of the parasitoid since the percentage of “flyers” did not significantly differ between hosts. In the future, the most appropriate number of insects to be released should be stud- ied, based on the parasitism capacity of T. remus, in order to test the hypothesis that releasing a greater number of T. remus reared on C. cephalonica will be as effective as releasing a smaller number of the same parasitoid reared on S. frugiperda. Other biological characteristics may also be affected due to changes in parasitoid size. For example, in nature it is common to find increasing fertility with increasing adult size. Chau and Mackauer (2001) reported that the parasitoid Monoctonus paulen- sis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) preferred larger aphids, which was understood as a process of selection to maximize their fertility (number, size, and quality of eggs). In addition, the qual- ity of the host is not simply related to size, reflecting the biomass available to be consumed by the parasitoid, but also to the devel- opment period. To maximize its size in low-quality hosts, the parasitoid can reduce its growth rate and increase the develop- ment period (Sequeira and Mackauer, 1992). Adult parasitoids can also increase their lifespan during the absence of suitable hosts (Carneiro et al., 2009) or even develop mechanisms of oocyte absorption to physiologically synchronize egg formation with host availability (Chabi-Olaye et al., 2001). Therefore, other biological parameters still need to be evaluated such as parasitoid finding abil- ity, parasitism capacity, and parasitoid field efficacy in order to have a more complete picture of host change effects on parasitoid biol- ogy. However, fast laboratory tests are needed in rearing facilities and the one used in this study might be useful to rapidly indicate parasitoid quality. In addition, taking into consideration the results discussed here, there is a clear indication that C. cephalonica can be used as a factitious host for mass rearing of T. remus. Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgements Authors wish to thank Embrapa Soybean and the sponsor agencies CAPES and CNPq for financial support and scholarships asileir p t T E R B B B C C C C C C C C D G G G G A. Pomari-Fernandes et al. / Revista Br rovided. 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http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0085-5626(16)00021-2/sbref0170 Size and flight ability of Telenomus remus parasitoids reared on eggs of the factitious host Corcyra cephalonica Introduction Material and methods Parasitoid and host colonies Morphological characters of Telenomus remus Flight ability of Telenomus remus Data analyses Results Morphological characters of Telenomus remus Flight ability of Telenomus remus Discussion Conflicts of interest Acknowledgements References