Brazilian Journal of Botany 35(4):325-338, 2012 Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons in southern Brazil: non-heterocytous fi lamentous organisms MARIÉLLEN DORNELLES MARTINS1,3, LUIS HENRIQUE ZANINI BRANCO1 and VERA REGINA WERNER2 (received: January 31, 2012; accepted: November 07, 2012) ABSTRACT – (Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons in southern Brazil: non-heterocytous fi lamentous organisms). This study describes and illustrates non-heterocytous fi lamentous cyanobacteria found in lagoon systems on the coastal plains of Rio Grande do Sul State. Collections were carried out in different freshwater bodies along the eastern (Casamento Lake area) and western (Tapes City area) margins of the Patos Lagoon (UTM 461948-6595095 and 542910-6645535) using a plankton net (25 μm mesh) in pelagic and littoral zones as well as by squeezing submerged parts of aquatic macrophytes, during both the rainy and dry seasons, from May to December/2003. Twenty two species belonging to the families Phormidiaceae (eight taxa), Pseudanabaenaceae (seven taxa), Oscillatoriaceae (six taxa), and Spirulinaceae (one taxon) were identifi ed. Among these species, fi ve are reported for the fi rst time from Rio Grande do Sul State: Leptolyngbya cebennensis, Microcoleus subtorulosus, Oscillatoria cf. anguina, O. curviceps and Phormidium formosum. Key-words - Oscillatoriaceae, Phormidiaceae, Pseudanabaenaceae, Spirulinaceae, taxonomic survey 1. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Exatas, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. 2. Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Rua Dr. Salvador França, 1427, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 3. Corresponding author: marinhadm@yahoo.com.br INTRODUCTION Coastal regions are complex environmental systems because they constitute transition zones between continental and oceanic environments that respond to interactions and exchanges between terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric factors. The coastal plains of Rio Grande do Sul State hold an important system of coastal lagoons covering an area of approximately 33,000 km2 (Tomazelli et al. 2000, Weschenfelder et al. 2005). This subtropical region comprises a mosaic of heterogeneous terrestrial ecosystems with great biological diversity. Freshwater habitats in subtropical Brazil are relatively poorly known from a phycological perspective, although freshwater cyanobacteria from Rio Grande do Sul State have been documented by Callegaro et al. (1981), Torgan et al. (1981, 1995), Franceschini (1983, 1990), Werner (1984, 1988, 2002), Torgan & Garcia (1989), Werner & Rosa (1992), Torgan & Paula (1994), Garcia & Vélez (1995), Torgan (1997), Werner & Sant’Anna (1998, 2000, 2006), Cardoso & Motta-Marques (2003, 2004), Carvalho et al. (2008), Werner et al. (2008), and Werner & Laughinghouse (2009). Cyanobacteria are often signifi cant components of benthic, periphytic and fl oating microphyte communities, contributing to the productivity of aquatic ecosystems and, in some cases, providing most of the carbon sources that sustain aquatic food webs (Bunn et al. 2003). Non-heterocytous fi lamentous cyanobacteria are known to cause livestock mortality, can adversely affect human health (Fastner et al. 1999, Baker et al. 2001, Tellez et al. 2001, Prati et al. 2002, Sant’Anna et al. 2008), and are recognized as important contributors to ecosystem degradation (or one of the consequences of that degradation) (McGregor 2007). But in spite of their ecological importance, there have been very few comprehensive regional studies of these organisms. This paper is the second contribution to studies of the cyanobacteria fl ora in lagoons on the coastal plains of Rio Grande do Sul State, and specifi cally deals with non- heterocytous fi lamentous forms. The fi rst manuscript dealt with unicellular forms (Martins et al. 2012). MATERIAL AND METHODS Collections were made in various freshwater bodies along the eastern (Casamento Lake area) and western (Tapes City area) margins of the Patos Lagoon (UTM 461948 – 6595095 and 542910 - 6645535) (table 1, fi gure 1). The study area is dominated by wetlands ecosystems; with freshwater, shallow (Burger & Ramos 2007), and slightly acidic lagoons (Bicca 2007). The samples were collected during the period from May to December/2003 using phytoplankton nets (25 μm mesh) in pelagic and littoral zones and by squeezing submerged parts of aquatic macrophytes. 326 MD Martins et al.: Non-heterocytous fi lamentous Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons Figure 1. Map of the Casamento Lake and Tapes City areas on the coastal plains of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (modifi ed from Burger & Ramos 2007). 80° W 36° W Equator Tropic of Capricorn RS BRAZIL 0° 30° S 0 700 km Rio Grande do Sul 47°0’0” W 50°0’0” W 53°0’0” W 30 °2 0’ 0” S 30 °2 0’ 0” S 30 °2 0’ 0” S 30 °2 0’ 0” S 47°0’0” W 50°0’0” W 53°0’0” W At lan tic O ce an Patos lagoon Brazilian Journal of Botany 35(4):325-338, 2012 327 The material was examined by bright-fi eld microscopy using Olympus BH2 and Leica DMLB microscopes. The classifi cation proposed by Hoffmann et al. (2005) as modifi ed by Komárek (2006) was adopted for systematic taxonomic arrangements above the family level, and Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005) for family and lower taxonomic levels. Taxonomic descriptions, photomicrographs, and the occurrence of each species in the aquatic environments studied are presented. Voucher samples were deposited in the Prof. Alarich Schultz Herbarium (HAS) of the Natural Sciences Museum of the Zoobotanical Foundation in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and their registry numbers are presented with the species descriptions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Twenty-two species of non-heterocytous fi lamentous cyanobacteria belonging to the orders Pseudanabaenales (seven species) and Oscillatoriales (15 species) were encountered in the aquatic environments sampled. Table 1. Collection locations and their respective samples. (CL = Casamento Lagoon area; TC = Tapes City area; UTM = Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system; HAS = Herbário Alarich Schultz code). Area UTM HAS CL Wetlands between Capivari and Casamento lakes 541830-6654326 HAS104092, HAS104339, HAS104340 CL Capivari Lake 542910-6655896 HAS104098, HAS104343 CL Casamento Lake – margin 541607-6654229 HAS104103, HAS104112, HAS104117, HAS104348, HAS104350, HAS104356, HAS104369, HAS104396 CL Casamento Lake – margin 541719-6654246 HAS104106, HAS104360 CL Casamento Lake – pelagic zone 542604-6650282 HAS104351, HAS104352 CL Gateados Lake – margin 532524-6621750 HAS104171, HAS104172, HAS104174, HAS104394 CL Gateados wetlands 531876-6628854 HAS104125, HAS104127, HAS104131, HAS104132, HAS104134, HAS104366, HAS104402 CL Spillway 532831-6631257 HAS104163, HAS104167, HAS104381, HAS104386, HAS104391, HAS104392 CL Gateados Lake – margin 532053-6624520 HAS104142, HAS104193 CL Gateados Lake – margin 532285-6624514 HAS104178, HAS104179, HAS104180, HAS104376, HAS104414 CL Gateados Lake – pelagic zone 533263-6624909 HAS104150, HAS104399 CL Rincão do Anastácio wetlands 530749-6639690 HAS104124, HAS104362 TC Capivaras Lake – margin 473595-6629067 HAS104209, HAS104213, HAS104435 TC Sphagnum wetlands 473385-6628689 HAS104223 TC Dunas Lagoon 473435-6628655 HAS104227, HAS104230, HAS104442, HAS104445 TC Dunas wetlands 473603-6628803 HAS104232, HAS104234, HAS104449 TC Charutão Lake – margin 465956-6623899 HAS104195 TC Charutão Lake – pelagic zone 465745-6623421 HAS104202, HAS104425, HAS104450, HAS104451 TC São Miguel Lagoon 464203-6623642 HAS104203, HAS104207, HAS104427, HAS103431 TC Redonda Lake 465503-6622735 HAS104235, HAS104240, HAS104455 TC Araçá 461948-6626264 HAS104242 Order Pseudanabaenales Key to the identifi cation of species of Pseudanabaenales 1. Trichomes without sheaths ................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Trichomes with sheaths ...................................................................................................................................... 4 328 MD Martins et al.: Non-heterocytous fi lamentous Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons 2. Trichomes distinctly constricted ............................................................................. Pseudanabaena catenata 2. Trichomes not (or only slightly) constricted ................................................................................................ 3 3. Apex cells rounded ...................................................................................................... Geitlerinema amphibium 3. Apex cells hooked, arcuated, long and narrow ............................................................................. G. splendidum 4. Filaments entangled, cells up to 2.5 μm in length ........................................................................................ 5 4. Filaments solitary, cells longer than 2.4 μm .................................................................................................. 6 5. Trichomes more than 2.5 μm wide .............................................................................Leptolyngbya cebennensis 5. Trichomes up to 2.5 μm wide ........................................................................................................ L. lagerheimii 6. Filaments in twisted coils ....................................................................................... Planktolyngbya contorta 6. Filaments straight ........................................................................................................................ P. limnetica Pseudanabaenaceae Geitlerinema amphibium (Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis, Pl. Syst. Evol. 164: 35, 37 1989. Figure 2 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, not constricted at the usually translucent cross-walls, not (or only very slightly) attenuated, 1.6-2.8 μm wide; cells 1.5-2.9 times longer than wide, 2.0-5.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous, 1-2 granules on either or both sides of the cross-walls; apical cell round, without calyptra or thick outer cell wall. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, spillway, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104167), 30-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104391); Gateados wetlands, 28-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104366); Casamento Lake, 18-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104352), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104356); Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104171); Tapes, Capivaras Lake, 4-VI- 2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104213); São Miguel Lagoon, 18-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104427); Redonda Lake, 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104455). Comments: As discussed by Komárek & Azevedo (2000), Geitlerinema amphibium and G. unigranulatum Komárek et Azevedo are very similar species. They can be distinguished by their cell dimensions and the morphology of their apical cells and thick cross-walls. Bittencourt-Oliveira et al. (2007), however, suggested that G. unigranulatum was synonymous with G. amphibium. Bittencourt- Oliveira et al. (2009) showed that these species have overlapping morphological characteristics based on morphological and molecular data that make their taxonomic discrimination difficult. Molecular data likewise revealed a high similarity between the two species, and indicated that they could be considered synonymous. Geitlerinema splendidum (Greville ex Gomont) Anagnostidis, Pl. Syst. Evol. 164: 35, 1989. Figure 3 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, not constricted at cross-walls, gradually attenuated and slightly bent at apex, 2.2-3.0 μm wide; cells 1.3-2.9 times longer than wide, 3.7-6.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous, usually granulated on either or both sides of the cross-walls; apical cell hooked, slightly spherically capitate. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Capivari do Sul, wetlands between Capivari and Casamento Lakes, 5-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104092), 27-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104339, HAS104340); Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104112, HAS104117), 28-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104369); Gateados wetlands, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n.(HAS104131); Spillway, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104163, HAS104167), 30-X-2003, SM Alves-da- Silva s.n. (HAS104391), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104386); Rincão do Anastácio wetlands, 29-X- 2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104362); Gateados Lake, 20-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104399); Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104171, HAS104174, HAS104179), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104180, HAS104193), 31-X-2003, SM Alves- da-Silva s.n. (HAS104394); Tapes, Charutão Lake, 3-VI- 2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104202); Sphagnum wetlands, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104223); Redonda Lake, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n.(HAS104240); Araçá, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n.(HAS104242); São Miguel Lagoon, 2-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104427). Leptolyngbya cebennensis (Gomont) Umezaki & Watanabe, Jap. J. Phycol. 42: 203, 1994. Figure 4 Filaments entangled, straight or fl exuous, 2.5- 3.5 μm in diameter; sheaths thin, homogenous, colorless; Brazilian Journal of Botany 35(4):325-338, 2012 329 trichomes not (or only slightly) constricted at the usually translucent cross-walls, cylindrical, not attenuated, 1.8-2.5 μm wide; cells 0.7-1.2 times longer than wide, 1.0-2.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous, without granulation, without aerotopes; apical cells rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104142), 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104171); Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104356, HAS104360); Tapes, São Miguel Lagoon, 2-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104427). Comments: This species is known to form a subaerophytic thallus on wet rocks and moist or submerged stones. The specimens in this study were found in the metaphyton of the shallow lagoons, forming great tangles of fi laments. Reported here for the fi rst time in Rio Grande do Sul State. Leptolyngbya lagerheimii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Algolog. Stud. 50-53: 391, 1988. Figure 5 Filaments entangled, regularly or irregularly spiraled, or in screw-like coils, rarely fl exuous, 1.5-2.5 μm in diameter; sheaths thin, homogenous, colorless; trichomes not constricted at their usually thick and translucent cross-walls, cylindrical, not attenuated, 1.5-2.0 μm wide; cells 0.9-1.5 times longer than wide, 1.5-2.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous, 1 granule on both sides of the cross-walls, without aerotopes; apical cells rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Mostardas, Gateados wetlands, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104134). Comments: Most of the populations showed regularly twisted fi laments, with one granule on each side of the translucent cross-walls. Planktolyngbya contorta (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Algolog. Stud. 50-53: 394, 1988. Figure 6 Filaments solitary, free-fl oating, regularly or irregularly spiraled, 1.6-2.0 μm wide; sheaths fi rm, narrow, colorless; trichomes cylindrical, not constricted at cross-walls, not attenuated, 1.3-1.7 μm wide; cells 1.7- 3.5 times longer than wide, 2.8-4.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous, sometimes with 1 granule on each side of the cross-walls; apical cell without calyptra or thickened outer cell wall. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Capivari do Sul, Capivari Lake, 5-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104098), 18-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104343); Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 5-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104103), 27-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104348), 18-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104351, HAS104352), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104106), 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104112, HAS104117); Gateados wetlands, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104132); spillway, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS103163, HAS104167), 30-X-2003, SM Alves- da-Silva s.n. (HAS104391), 18-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104381); Gateados wetlands, 28-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104366); Rincão do Anastácio wetlands, 29-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104362). Comments: Planktolyngbya contorta can be confused with P. circumcreta (G.S. West) Anagnostidis et Komárek or with P. regularis Komárková-Legnerová et Cronberg, but P. contorta has longer cells than P. circumcreta and fi laments with less regular twisting than seen in P. regularis (Komárková-Legnerová & Tavera 1996). Planktolyngbya limnetica (Lemmermann) Komárková- Legnerová & Cronberg, Algolog. Stud. 67:21, 22, 1992. Figure 7 Filaments solitary, free-fl oating, straight or fl exuous, 1.0-2.0 μm wide; sheaths fi rm, narrow, colorless; trichomes cylindrical, not constricted at cross-walls, not attenuated, 0.8-1.7 μm wide; cells 1.6-5.0 times longer than wide, 3.0-5.0 μm long; cell content blue- green, homogenous, sometimes with one granule on each side of the cross-walls; apical cell without calyptra or thickened outer cell wall. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Capivari do Sul, Capivari Lake, 5-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104098), 18-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104343); Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 5-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104103), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104106), 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104112, HAS104117), 27-X-2003, SM Alves- da-Silva s.n. (HAS104348, HAS104350), 29-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104396), 18-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104351, HAS104352), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104356); spillway, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104163, HAS104167); 30-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104391), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104381, HAS104386); Gateados 330 MD Martins et al.: Non-heterocytous fi lamentous Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons Figures 2-12. 2. Geitlerinema amphibium. 3. G. splendidum. 4. Leptolyngbya cebennensis. 5. L. lagerheimii. 6. Planktolyngbya contorta. 7. P. limnetica. 8. Pseudanabaena catenata. 9. Spirulina laxissima. 10. Microcoleus subtorulosus. 11. Phormidium aerugineo-caeruleum. 12. P. autumnale. Bar = 10 μm (2-9, 11, 12); 20 μm (10). wetlands, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104127, HAS104131, HAS104132), 28-X-2003, SM Alves-da- Silva s.n. (HAS104366); wetlands between Capivari and Casamento Lakes, 27-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104340); Rincão do Anastácio wetlands, 29-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104362); Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104142), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104150), 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104174, HAS104179), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104180), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104376), 20-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104414). 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 117 12 Brazilian Journal of Botany 35(4):325-338, 2012 331 Pseudanabaena catenata Lauterborn, Verh. Naturh.-med. Ver. Heidelb. 13(2): 437, 1916. Figure 8 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, deeply constricted at the thick and translucent cross-walls, not attenuated, 1.6-2.4 μm wide; cells 1.3-3.0 times longer than wide, 2.0-6.2 μm long; cell content blue- green, homogenous or differentiated into chromate- and centroplasm; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Gateados wetlands, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104125); wetlands between Capivari and Casamento Lakes, 27-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104340); Mostardas, Gateados wetlands, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104134); Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104171, HAS104174); Tapes, Charutão Lake, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104202); Capivaras Lake, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104209); Araçá, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104242); São Miguel Lagoon, 2-XII-2003, L.S. Cardoso s.n. (HAS104427); Dunas Lagoon, 3-XII- 2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104442); Redonda Lagoon, 3-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104455). Order Oscillatoriales Key to the identifi cation of species of Oscillatoriales 1. Trichomes up to 2.0 μm wide ............................................................................................... Spirulina laxissima 1. Trichomes wider than 2.0 μm ............................................................................................................................. 2 2. Cells isodiametric or only slightly shorter or longer than wide ................................................................... 3 2. Cells distinctly shorter than long ................................................................................................................ 10 3. Sheaths with more than one trichome ......................................................................... Microcoleus subtorulosus 3. Sheaths with only one trichome, or sheath lacking ........................................................................................... 4 4. Trichomes in microscopic fascicles .......................................................................... Trichodesmium lacustre 4. Trichomes usually solitary ............................................................................................................................ 5 5. Cells with aerotopes ............................................................................................................ Planktothrix isothrix 5. Cells without aerotopes ...................................................................................................................................... 6 6. Trichome narrow towards apex .................................................................................................................... 7 6. Trichome not narrowed towards apex .......................................................................................................... 8 7. Apical cell with calyptra ................................................................................................ Phormidium autumnale 7. Apical cell without calyptra ............................................................................................................. P. formosum 8. Trichomes with sheaths ............................................................................................ P. aerugineo-caeruleum 8. Trichomes without sheaths ........................................................................................................................... 9 9. Trichomes up to 4.5 μm wide ....................................................................................................... P. granulatum 9. Trichomes wider than 4.5 μm ....................................................................................................... P. tergestinum 10. Trichomes with sheaths .......................................................................................... Lyngbya cf. martensiana 10. Trichomes without sheaths ......................................................................................................................... 11 11. Trichomes not narrowed .................................................................................................................................. 12 11. Trichomes narrowed or only slightly narrowed ............................................................................................... 13 12. Trichome apex arcuated ................................................................................................... Oscillatoria ornata 12. Trichome apex straight ..................................................................................................................... O. tenuis 13. Trichomes up to 9.0 μm wide ....................................................................................................... O. cf. anguina 13. Trichomes wider than 9.0 μm .......................................................................................................................... 14 14. Trichomes 9.0-16.0 μm wide ...................................................................................................... O. curviceps 14. Trichomes 19.0-26.5 μm wide ..................................................................................................... O. princeps Spirulinaceae Spirulina laxissima G. S. West, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot.: 78, 1907. Figure 9 Trichomes solitary, loosely spiraling, not constricted at cross-walls, not attenuated, 1.4-2.0 μm wide, 5.0-6.2 μm high, distance between coils 8.0-12.5 μm; cell content blue-green, homogenous. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Mostardas, Gateados wetlands, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104134). Comments: The population showed trichomes wider than those cited by Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005), but 332 MD Martins et al.: Non-heterocytous fi lamentous Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons was in agreement with those observed by Desikachary (1959) and Sant’Anna & Azevedo (1995). Phormidiaceae Microcoleus subtorulosus Gomont ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér.7, 16:360, 1892. Figure 10 Filaments solitary, fl exuous, not branched; sheath homogenous, fi rm, colorless, containing 1-8 trichomes; trichomes arranged in parallel rows, distinctly constricted at the ungranulated cross-walls, 6.0-7.5 μm wide; cells 0.5-0.9 times longer than wide, 4.0-7.2 (8.0) μm long; cell content blue-green, granulated; apical cell rounded or rounded-conical. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104171, HAS104172). Comments: From a morphological point of view, the specimens studied agreed well with the description provided by Gomont (1892a). Microcoleus subtorulosus has been recorded in lotic (Branco et al. 1999, Branco & Pereira 2002, Peres 2007) and lentic environments (Sant’Anna & Azevedo 1995) in Brazil. Although M. subtorulosus is known to be benthic, it was observed among the plankton in the present study. Reported here for the fi rst time in Rio Grande do Sul State. Phormidium aerugineo-caeruleum (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Algolog. Stud. 50-53: 407, 1988. Figure 11 Filaments solitary, straight or fl exuous, 5.6-8.0 μm wide; sheaths thin, fi rm, homogenous, colorless; trichomes not attenuated, not constricted at their sometimes granulated cross-walls, 4.0-7.0 μm wide; cells 0.4-1.3 times longer than wide, 3.0-7.0 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous, sometimes with prominent granules; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104112), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104369); Spillway, 30-X-2003, SM Alves- da-Silva s.n. (HAS104391), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104381, HAS104386); Tapes, Capivaras Lake, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104213); Araçá, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104242). Comments: From a morphological point of view, the specimens studied agreed with the description of the type material provided by Gomont (1892b); slight differences were observed regarding the trichomes, which were wider in the population studied. This species has an ample distribution and has been reported from a large variety of habitats (Komárek & Anagnostidis 2005). Phormidium autumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér. 7, 16: 187, 1982. Figure 12 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, bent and strongly attenuated at apex, not (or only slightly) constricted at their granulated cross-walls, 4.5-6.0 μm wide; cells 0.5-1.0 times longer than wide, 4.0-5.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous to slightly granulated; apical cell somewhat elongated, capitated, with rounded or truncated calyptra. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Rincão do Anastácio wetlands, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104124); Casamento Lake, 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104356, HAS104369); Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104142), 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104171). Comments: Phormidium autumnale and P. amoenum Kützing ex Anagnostidis et Komárek are very similar. Both have trichomes with narrow and bent apices, with apical cells calyptrate. P. autumnale has wider trichomes and rounded or truncated calyptra, however, while P. amoenum has smaller trichomes and conical calyptra. Phormidium formosum (Bory ex Gomont) Anagnostids & Komárek, Algolog. Stud. 50-53: 405, 1988. Figure 13 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, slightly attenuated and curved at the apex, not (or only slightly) constricted at their granulated or ungranulated cross- walls, 4.5-6.5 μm wide; cells 0.4-1.1 times longer than wide, 2.8-5.8 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous; apical cell rounded-conical. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Capivari do Sul, wetlands between Capivari and Casamento Lakes, 5-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104092); Palmares do Sul, Rincão do Anastácio wetlands, 7-V- 2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104124); spillway, 30-X- 2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104391); Casamento Lake, 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104369); Mostardas, Gateados wetlands, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104134); Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104171, HAS104174, HAS104178, HAS104179), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104180), 20-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104399); Tapes, Dunas wetlands, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104234), 3-XI-2003, LS Cardoso Brazilian Journal of Botany 35(4):325-338, 2012 333 s.n. (HAS104449); Charutão Lake, 2-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104425), 3-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104450); São Miguel Lagoon, 2-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104427). Comments: Phormidium formosum is a cosmopolitan species, mainly benthonic, occurring in both lotic and lentic environments. According to Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005), this species is very similar to P. breve (Kützing ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek but has shorter cells (1.5-3.0 μm long). Reported here for the fi rst time in Rio Grande do Sul State. Phormidium granulatum (Gardner) Anagnostidis, Preslia 3: 370, 2001. Figure 14 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, not attenuated, not (or only slightly) constricted at their granulated cross-walls, 3.0-4.5 μm wide; cells 0.7-1.0 times longer than wide, 2.5-5.0 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous, 2-4 prominent granules on both sides of the cross-walls; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, spillway, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104163), 30-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104391); Casamento Lake, 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104369); Tapes, Charutão Lake, 3-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104195); Capivaras Lake, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104213); Dunas wetlands, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104234); Dunas Lagoon, 3-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104442); Charutão Lake, 3-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104451); Redonda Lake, 3-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104455). Comments: The distinguishing feature of Phormidium granulatum is the presence of two to fi ve prominent granules at the cross-walls (Gardner 1927, Komárek & Anagnostidis 2005). Phormidium tergestinum (Kützing) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Algolog.Stud. 50-53: 406, 1988. Figure 15 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, not attenuated, constricted or not, 4.8-7.5 μm wide; cells 0.4-1.0 times longer than wide, 3.0-6.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Capivari do Sul, wetlands between Capivari and Casamento lakes, 5-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104092); Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104117), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104369); spillway, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104167), 30-X-2003, SM Alves-da- Silva s.n. (HAS104391, HAS104392); 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104381, HAS104386); Rincão do Anastácio, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104124); Gateados wetlands, 28-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104366), 31-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104402); Gateados Lake, 30-X-2003, SM Alves-da- Silva s.n. (HAS104394); Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 9- V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104178, HAS104179), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104180); Tapes, São Miguel Lagoon, 3- VI-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104203); Dunas Lagoon, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104227, HAS104230), 3-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104445); Dunas wetlands, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n.(HAS104232, HAS104234); Redonda Lake, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104235); Charutão Lake, 3/12/2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104450). Comments: This species is widely distributed and has been reported to have ample morphological variation. According to Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005), numerous morphological varieties have seen described, but they probably represent a single species. Planktothrix isothrix (Skuja) Komárek et Komárková, Czech Phycol. 4: 14, 2004. Figure 16 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, not attenuated, not constricted at their sometimes granulated cross-walls, 4.0-10.0 μm wide; cells 0.3-1.0 times longer than wide, 2.0-5.0 μm long; cell content green-brownish, numerous aerotopes; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Rincão do Anastácio wetlands, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104124); spillway, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104163, HAS104167), 30-X-2003, SM Alves-da-Silva s.n. (HAS104391); Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104174, HAS104179); Tapes, Charutão Lake, 3-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104195); São Miguel Lagoon, 3-VI-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104203), 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104207); Dunas wetlands, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104234). Comments: From a morphological point of view, the specimens studied here agreed well with the descriptions provided by Komárek & Komárková (2004). This species is primarily benthic, later forming blooms, present in eutrophic to hypertrophic stagnant bodies of water and lakes in tropical and temperate regions (Davis et al. 2003, Stefaniak et al. 2005, Pérez et al. 2009). 334 MD Martins et al.: Non-heterocytous fi lamentous Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons Figures 13-24. 13. Phormidium formosum. 14. P. granulatum. 15. P. tergestinum. 16. Planktothrix isothrix. 17. Trichodesmium lacustre. 18. Lyngbya cf. martensiana. 19-20. Oscillatoria cf. anguina. 21. O. curviceps. 22. O. ornata. 23. O. princeps. 24. O. tenuis. Bar = 10 μm (13-16, 18-22, 24); 20 μm (17, 23). Trichodesmium lacustre Klebahn, Flora: 82, 1895. Figure 17 Trichomes arranged in parallel lines, forming fascicles, straight or fl exuous, 35.0-61.0 μm wide; trichomes straight, attenuated (or not) at their apices, distinctly constricted at cross-walls, 4.5-7.0 μm wide; cells 0.7-1.3 times longer than wide, 4.5-7.0 μm long; cell content brownish-green, fi nely granulated, numerous aerotopes; apical cell elongated and slightly narrowed, up to 9.5 μm long. 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 23 2418 22 Brazilian Journal of Botany 35(4):325-338, 2012 335 Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Tapes, Capivaras Lake, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104209); Dunas Lagoon, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104227). Comments: This species is typically planktonic and was reported in Brazil by Sant’Anna & Azevedo (1995). Some of the trichome cells showed no aerotopes, as was also noted by Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005). Oscillatoriaceae Lyngbya cf. martensiana Meneghini ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér. 7, 16: 145, 1892. Figure 18 Filaments solitary, straight or fl exuous, 8.0-13.5 μm wide; sheaths hyaline, thick, colorless to yellowish, lamellate; trichomes not attenuated, not constricted at the granulated cross-walls, 6.5-9.0 μm wide; cells 0.2- 0.5 times longer than wide, 2.0-4.0 μm long; cell content blue-green; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104112); Rincão do Anastácio, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104124); Mostardas, Gateados wetlands, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104134); Tapes, Charutão Lake, 3-VI-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104202); Dunas wetlands, 4-VI-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104232, HAS104234). Comments: From a morphological point of view, the specimens studied here agreed well with the description of the type material provided by Gomont (1892b) that note the occurrence of this species in European thermal springs. Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005), in agreement with other authors, consider this species to be metaphytic and periphytic in stagnant and fl owing waters, with many morphotypes, and possibly with cosmopolitan distribution; these authors recommend a taxonomic revision of the species. Thus, even though the species demonstrated morphological correspondence, the ecological delimitations of L. martensiana are not clear and the populations encountered were treated as cf. Oscillatoria cf. anguina Bory ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér. 7, 16: 214, 1892. Figures 19-20 Trichomes solitary, straight, curved and gradually narrowing at the apex, not constricted at the granulated cross-walls, 6.4-9.0 μm wide; cells 0.2-0.4 times longer than wide, 1.3-3.0 μm long; cell content blue-green; apical cell capitate or rounded, with a thick outer cell wall. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104179), LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104180). Comments: The observed specimens were morphologically similar to Oscillatoria anguina, however, the populations studied were identifi ed as O. cf. anguina as they showed trichomes slightly wider than those described for O. anguina by Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005). Reported here for the fi rst time in Rio Grande do Sul State. Oscillatoria curviceps Agardh ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér. 7, 16: 213, 1892. Figure 21 Trichomes solitary, straight, curved and gradually narrowing at the apex, not constricted at their granulated cross-walls, 9.0-16.0 μm wide; cells 0.1-0.4 times longer than wide, 1.7-3.5 μm long; cell content blue- green; apical cell capitate or rounded, with thick outer cell wall. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Mostardas, Gateados wetlands, 8-V-2003, V.R. Werner s.n. (HAS104134); Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104174). Comments: Although the specimens studied here had trichomes that were slightly smaller than those reported for Oscillatoria curviceps, their morphological features were in agreement with the description provided by Gomont (1892b). Reported here for the fi rst time in Rio Grande do Sul State. Oscillatoria ornata Kützing ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér. 7, 16: 214, 1892. Figure 22 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, curved at apex, not attenuated, constricted at the ungranulated or granulated cross-walls, 8.0-10.0 μm wide; cells 0.2-0.4 times longer than wide, 1.8-3.5 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104178). Comments: Komárek & Anagnostidis (2005) noted that Oscillatora ornata has trichomes whose apices are usually coiled in a screw-like fashion. This feature was not observed by Werner (1988), Werner & Rosa (1992), Sant’Anna & Azevedo (1995), or in the present study. 336 MD Martins et al.: Non-heterocytous fi lamentous Cyanobacteria from coastal lagoons Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér.7, 16: 206, 1892. Figure 23 Trichomes solitary, straight or curved, and slightly narrowed at apex, not (or only slightly) constricted, 19.0-26.5 μm wide; cells up to 0.4 times longer than wide, 2.5-4.0 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous or slightly granulated; apical cell rounded, hemispherical or truncate, with or without a thick outer cell wall. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104117); Gateados wetlands, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104125, HAS104131); spillway, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104167); Mostardas, Gateados Lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104178); Tapes, São Miguel Lagoon, 3-VI-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104203); Redonda Lake, 4-VI- 2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104235); Dunas Lagoon, 3-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104445); Charutão Lake, 3-XII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104450, HAS104451); Redonda Lake, 3-VII-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104455). Oscillatoria tenuis Agardh ex Gomont, Ann. Sci. nat. Sér. 7, 16: 220, 1892. Figure 24 Trichomes solitary, straight or fl exuous, not attenuated, not (or only slightly) constricted at the granulated or ungranulated cross-walls, 6.5-11.0 μm wide; cells up to 0.2-0.4 times longer than wide, 2.0- 3.8 μm long; cell content blue-green, homogenous; apical cell rounded. Material examined: BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Palmares do Sul, Casamento Lake, 7-V-2003, LC Torgan s.n. (HAS104117), 19-XI-2003, LS Cardoso s.n. (HAS104360); Rincão do Anastácio, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104124); Gateados wetlands, 7-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104125); Mostardas, Gateados wetlands, 8-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. (HAS104134), Gatealdos lake, 9-V-2003, VR Werner s.n. 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