RESSALVA Atendendo solicitação do autor, o texto completo desta dissertação será disponibilizado somente a partir de 31/10/2027. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO unesp PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (BIOLOGIA CELULAR, MOLECULAR E MICROBIOLOGIA) Biorremediação de Hidrocarbonetos do Petróleo em Água do Mar: Avaliação Comparativa de Bioaumentação, Bioestimulação e Atenuação Natural em Microcosmos MIGUEL FELIPE COMPRI GONÇALVES Rio Claro – SP 2025 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO unesp PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (BIOLOGIA CELULAR, MOLECULAR E MICROBIOLOGIA) Biorremediação de Hidrocarbonetos do Petróleo em Água do Mar: Avaliação Comparativa de Bioaumentação, Bioestimulação e Atenuação Natural em Microcosmos MIGUEL FELIPE COMPRI GONÇALVES Rio Claro – SP 2025 Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Câmpus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular, Molecular e Microbiologia). Orientadora: Profª Drª Lara Durães Sette. Coorientadora: Drª Patrícia Giovanella G635b Gonçalves, Miguel Felipe Compri Biorremediação de Hidrocarbonetos do Petróleo em Água do Mar : Avaliação Comparativa de Bioaumentação, Bioestimulação e Atenuação Natural em Microcosmos / Miguel Felipe Compri Gonçalves. -- Rio Claro, 2025 130 p. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro Orientadora: Lara Durães Sette Coorientadora: Patrícia Giovanella 1. Microbiologia Ambiental. 2. Hidrocarbonetos do Petróleo. 3. Consórcios Microbianos. I. Título. Sistema de geração automática de fichas catalográficas da Unesp. Dados fornecidos pelo autor(a). UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA Câmpus de Rio Claro Biorremediação de Hidrocarbonetos do Petróleo em Água do Mar: Avaliação Comparativa de Bioaumentação, Bioestimulação e Atenuação Natural em Microcosmos TÍTULO DA DISSERTAÇÃO: CERTIFICADO DE APROVAÇÃO AUTOR: MIGUEL FELIPE COMPRI GONÇALVES ORIENTADORA: LARA DURÃES SETTE COORIENTADORA: PATRICIA GIOVANELLA Aprovado como parte das exigências para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular, Molecular e Microbiologia), área: Diversidade Biológica e Biologia Ambiental pela Comissão Examinadora: Profa. Dra. LARA DURÃES SETTE (Participaçao Virtual) Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada / UNESP Instituto de Biociencias de Rio Claro SP Profa. Dra. VALERIA MAIA MERZEL (Participaçao Virtual) Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícola / UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas - SP Prof. Dr. RENATO NALLIN MONTAGNOLLI (Participaçao Virtual) Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação / UFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos - Campus de Araras / SP Rio Claro, 31 de outubro de 2025 Instituto de Biociências - Câmpus de Rio Claro - Avenida 24 A, 1515, 13506900 https://ib.rc.unesp.br/#!/pos-graduacao/secao-tecnica-de-pos/programas2546/ciencias-biologicas-biologia-celular-molecular-e-microbiologia/CNPJ: 48.031.918/0018-72. AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho é um marco na minha vida, e sua conclusão só foi possível graças ao apoio de pessoas e instituições incríveis. A cada um de vocês, meu mais sincero e profundo "muito obrigado". À minha família e namorada, que são meu porto seguro. A força, a paciência e o carinho de vocês foram o combustível para os momentos de maior desafio. Um agradecimento especial aos meus pais, por acreditarem no meu potencial e por me incentivarem a seguir qualquer caminho que eu escolha. Sem vocês, nada disso seria possível! Aos meus amigos e colegas de laboratório, no LAMAI, no Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada e na CRM-UNESP, muito obrigado pela parceria. A convivência diária, as risadas, os conselhos e as discussões tornaram essa jornada muito mais leve e produtiva. À minha coorientadora, Patrícia Giovanella, por sua atenção, conselhos e por compartilhar suas experiências, me ajudando a enxergar cada pequena etapa desde o início. Assim como à Elisa Pellizzer e Milene Ferro, que foram muito importantes na elaboração do trabalho, em especial durante as análises de bioinformática, onde transformaram dados complexos em resultados significativos. À minha orientadora, Lara Sette, meu agradecimento mais caloroso. Seu grande conhecimento, liderança e, acima de tudo, a sua confiança em mim e todos seus alunos são a base para que possam se formar grandes projetos e cientistas. Por fim, agradeço aos órgãos de fomento que tornaram esta pesquisa financeiramente viável. O Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo financiamento do projeto MicroBioMar (CNPq 440774/2020-9) e a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo financiamento da bolsa de mestrado. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001. “...Vi o camarão limpando o oceano, Enquanto muita gente ia só sujando... ...Acredito que um dia o homem vá mudar, E as crianças do futuro vão poder brincar... ...É preciso paciência para ensinar, É preciso consciência para poder mudar... ...Deixa, deixa as tartarugas! Deixa, deixa os bichos do mar! Deixa, deixa a natureza!” Bichos do mar – Lenine / Chico Martins / Guy Marcovaldi RESUMO A saúde dos oceanos é vital para a subsistência humana. Contudo, os ambientes marinhos enfrentam crescente contaminação por produtos petrolíferos, evidenciada por eventos ao longo de décadas, como o derramamento do petroleiro Torrey Canyon em 1967, bem como o desastre de 2019 no litoral brasileiro, que poluiu 3 mil quilômetros de costa com 5 mil toneladas de óleo. Métodos eficazes e acessíveis são essenciais para remediar essa contaminação, dada a complexidade da composição do petróleo. O uso de microrganismos capazes de metabolizar carbono via enzimas (mono/dioxigenases, desidrogenases, citocromo P450) torna a biorremediação, especialmente com consórcios microbianos, uma técnica promissora e menos agressiva em relação a outros métodos de biorremediação. Isolados de locais contaminados, como a costa brasileira recentemente afetada, revelam microbiota apta e adaptada, daí a importância do avanço científico na avaliação de microrganismos do litoral brasileiro para a biorremediação de compostos relevantes. Desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto CNPq 440774/2020-9 (MicroBioMaR), este estudo objetivou aplicar diferentes estratégias de biorremediação: atenuação natural (AN), bioestimulação (BE), bioaumentação (BA) e BA+BE, em microcosmos de água do mar, visando identificar a abordagem mais eficaz na biorremediação dos hidrocarbonetos do petróleo, com base em análises funcionais (degradação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos e alcanos, fitotoxicidade, atividade das desidrogenases) e da comunidade microbiana, a partir de análises moleculares independentes de cultivo (metabarcoding), ao longo do tempo (0, 15, 45, 90 dias). Todos os consórcios demonstraram capacidade de degradação, porém o Consórcio 1 (Microbacterium oleivorans, Alcanivorax sp., Sphingobium xenophagum, Acinetobacter beijerinckii e Paramarasmius palmivorus) apresentou as maiores porcentagens de remoção de hidrocarbonetos e os melhores resultados no ensaio de fitotoxicidade com Cucumis sativus. Ao final do experimento, observou-se as maiores porcentagens de degradação de alcanos com BE (93,67%) e BA+BE (91,23%), enquanto BA+BE mostrou melhor remoção de fluoranteno e superior remoção quando comparado a BE de benzo(a)antraceno (BaA), além de maior NMP de degradadores (4,54 NMP g L⁻¹) e atividade de desidrogenase (7,22 µg de TFP mL⁻¹ dia⁻¹). Nos ensaios de fitotoxicidade, BE e BA+BE apresentaram inibição aguda no crescimento da radícula e do hipocótilo, com BE exibindo maior toxicidade. Os resultados indicam que ambos os tratamentos foram eficazes na degradação: BE exibiu melhor desempenho para alcanos, enquanto BA+BE se destacou na degradação de HPAs específicos, além de melhores resultados enzimáticos, de NMP e fitotoxicidade. As análises de metabarcoding revelaram que a comunidade autóctone é altamente adaptável à remoção de hidrocarbonetos, com gêneros degradadores como Acinetobacter e Exophiala, mas apenas quando estimulada com nutrientes (BE) tornou-se capaz de remover ativamente os hidrocarbonetos, enquanto BA+BE mostrou maior especificidade para moléculas complexas como fluoranteno, sendo mais indicado para casos que exigem tal aplicação. Palavras-chave: Biodegradação, biotecnologia ambiental, biobanco microbiano, petróleo, metabarcoding. ABSTRACT The health of the oceans is vital for human subsistence. However, marine environments face increasing contamination from petroleum products, evidenced by events over decades, such as the 1967 Torrey Canyon oil spill, as well as the 2019 disaster on the Brazilian coast, which polluted 3,000 kilometers of coastline with 5,000 tons of oil. Effective and accessible methods are essential to remedy this contamination, given the complex composition of crude oil. The use of microorganisms capable of metabolizing environmental pollutants through enzymatic pathways (mono/dioxygenases, dehydrogenases, cytochrome P450) makes bioremediation, especially with microbial consortia, a promising and less aggressive technique, compared to other remediation methods. Isolates from contaminated sites, such as the recently affected Brazilian coast, reveal a suitable and adapted microbiota, highlighting the importance of scientific advancement in evaluating microorganisms from the Brazilian coast for the bioremediation of relevant compounds. Developed under the CNPq project 440774/2020- 9 (MicroBioMaR), this study aimed to apply different bioremediation strategies: natural attenuation (NA), biostimulation (BS), bioaugmentation (BA), and BA+BS, in seawater microcosms, seeking to identify the most effective approach for petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation. This identification was based on functional analyses (degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes, phytotoxicity, dehydrogenase activity) and microbial community structure through culture-independent molecular analyses (metabarcoding) over time (0, 15, 45, 90 days). All consortia demonstrated degradation capacity, but Consortium 1 (Microbacterium oleivorans, Alcanivorax sp., Sphingobium xenophagum, Acinetobacter beijerinckii, and Paramarasmius palmivorus) presented the highest hydrocarbon removal percentages and the best results in the Cucumis sativus phytotoxicity assay. At the end of the experiment, the highest alkane degradation percentages were observed with BS (93.67%) and BA+BS (91.23%), while BA+BS showed better removal of fluoranthene and superior removal of benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) compared to BS. Furthermore, BA+BS yielded the highest MPN of degraders (4,54 NMP g L⁻¹) and dehydrogenase activity (7,22 µg de TFP mL⁻¹ dia⁻¹). In the phytotoxicity assays, both BS and BA+BS exhibited acute inhibition of radicle and hypocotyl growth, with BS displaying greater toxicity. The results indicate that both treatments were effective in degradation: BS exhibited better performance for alkanes, while BA+BS excelled in the degradation of specific PAHs, in addition to better enzymatic, MPN, and phytotoxicity results. Metabarcoding analyses revealed that the autochthonous community is highly adaptable to hydrocarbon removal, featuring degrading genera such as Acinetobacter and Exophiala, but only when stimulated with nutrients (BS) did it become capable of actively removing hydrocarbons. In contrast, BA+BS showed greater specificity for complex molecules like fluoranthene, making it more suitable for cases requiring such application. Keywords: Biodegradation, environmental biotechnology, microbial biobank, petroleum, metabarcoding. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Valores em bilhões de euros gastos com produtos petroquímicos ............................................ 14 Figura 2 - Grupos dos hidrocarbonetos do petróleo ................................................................................... 15 Figura 3 - Moléculas prioritárias de HPAs presentes no petróleo .............................................................. 16 Figura 4 - Consumo de energia mundial por fonte, calculado em exojaules (EJ) ...................................... 17 Figura 5 - Incidentes com descarga de óleo cru e óleo diesel offshore ....................................................... 19 Figura 6 - Ciclo de dispersão da contaminação ambiental por petróleo ..................................................... 20 Figura 7 - Fluxograma sobre as técnicas de biorremediação ...................................................................... 21 Figura 8 - Fatores de influência para a biorremediação dos hidrocarbonetos do petróleo .......................... 22 Figura 9 - Exemplos de biosurfactantes de alto peso molecular e de baixo peso molecular ...................... 25 Figura 10 - Principais vias metabólicas aeróbicas bacterianas de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos 27 Figura 11 - Diferentes vias enzimáticas da degradação de HPAs por fungos ............................................ 29 Figura 12 - Publicações sobre biorremediação de petróleo durante os anos (2010-2024) .......................... 33 Figura 13 - Exemplos de estratégias usadas para potencializar a aplicação da biorremediação ................. 36 Figura 14 - Cromatogramas obtidos em cromatógrafo gasoso dos padrões utilizados como referência para os tempos de retenção das moléculas de interesse ...................................................................................... 43 Figura 15 - Cromatograma do controle negativo ........................................................................................ 52 Figura 16 - Cromatogramas obtidos com os tratamentos dos consórcios microbianos avaliados neste estudo ......................................................................................................................................................... 55 Figura 17 - Cromatograma comparativo entre o consórcio 1 e consórcio C ............................................. 57 Figura 18 - Medidas em centímetros da soma do hipocótilo e raiz, à exposição de amostras dos consórcios (1 a 5) ......................................................................................................................................................... 58 Figura 19 Medidas em centímetros da soma do hipocótilo e raiz, à exposição de amostras dos consórcios (1 e C) ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Figura 20 - Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos totais (HPAs) (A), alcanos totais (B) ...................... 62 Figura 21 - Atividade da desidrogenase ao longo do tempo de biorremediação do petróleo, em ug de trifenilformazan (TFP) por ml de água do mar por dia ............................................................................... 72 Figura 22 - Contagem do número mais provável de microrganismos (NMP) degradadores de óleo diesel ao longo do tempo de biorremediação do petróleo ..................................................................................... 74 Figura 23 - Crescimento em centímetros da soma do hipocótilo com a raiz da semente de Cucumis sativus após contato com a amostra dos tratamentos ao longo do tempo .............................................................. 76 Figura 24 – Índices de diversidade alfa (riqueza, uniformidade, Simpson e Shannon) e Diagrama de Venn das comunidades fúngicas .......................................................................................................................... 80 Figura 25 - Gráficos de PCoA elaborados com os índices de beta-diversidade das comunidades fúngicas .................................................................................................................................................................... 82 Figura 26 - Taxonomia dos gêneros mais abundantes observados na comunidade fúngica de cada tratamento nos tempos 15, 45 e 90 dias ...................................................................................................... 91 Figura 27 - Índices de diversidade alfa (riqueza, uniformidade, Simpson e Shannon) e Diagrama de Venn das comunidades bacterianas ...................................................................................................................... 93 Figura 28 - Análise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) baseada nos índices de beta-diversidade das comunidades bacterianas ............................................................................................................................ 95 Figura 29 - Taxonomia dos gêneros mais abundantes observados na comunidade bacteriana de cada tratamento nos tempos de 15, 45 e 90 dias ................................................................................................. 96 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Acidentes com vazamento de petróleo no último século .......................................................... 18 Tabela 2 - Exemplos de alguns dos principais genes envolvidos na biodegradação de hidrocarbonetos .. 27 Tabela 3 - Espécies bacterianas, com suas respectivas moléculas auto indutoras e genes regulados pelo quorun sensing (QS) ................................................................................................................................... 28 Tabela 4 - Exemplos de aplicações de consórcios fungos-bactérias para a biodegradação do petróleo e derivados ................................................................................................................................................... 30 Tabela 5 - Exemplos de aplicações de biorremediação com modelo in situ .............................................. 35 Tabela 6 - Isolados fúngicos e bacterianos utilizados no presente estudo ................................................. 39 Tabela 7 - Consórcios elaborados e avaliados no âmbito do projeto MicroBioMaR ................................ 40 Tabela 8 - Germinação das sementes de Cucumis sativus expostas aos diferentes tratamentos. ................ 58 Tabela 9 - Caracterização dos parâmetros químicos das amostras de água do mar coletadas na praia da Fazenda (Ubatuba, SP) ............................................................................................................................... 60 Tabela 10 - Concentrações das moléculas de alcanos (mg L-1) após 15 dias de biorremediação ............... 65 Tabela 11 - Concentrações das moléculas de alcanos (mg L-1) obtidas com a extração realizada na amostra de 45 dias ...................................................................................................................................... 65 Tabela 12 - Concentrações das moléculas de alcanos (mg L-1) obtidas com a extração realizada na amostra de 90 dias ...................................................................................................................................... 66 Tabela 13 - Concentrações das moléculas de HPAs (mg L-1) obtidas com a extração realizada na amostra de 15 dias .................................................................................................................................................... 67 Tabela 14 - Concentrações das moléculas de HPAs (mg L-1) obtidas com a extração realizada na amostra de 45 dias .................................................................................................................................................... 69 Tabela 15 - Concentrações das moléculas de HPAs (mg L-1) obtidas com a extração realizada na amostra de 90 dias .................................................................................................................................................... 69 Tabela 16 - Resultados obtidos a partir do sequenciamento do ITS para cada pool de tratamento (Número total de reads após a rarefação. Cobertura das reads pela metodologia “Goods Coverage”. Testes de alfa- diversidade) ................................................................................................................................................ 78 Tabela 17 - Resultados obtidos a partir do sequenciamento do 16S para cada tratamento. Média dos números de: reads após a rarefação; cobertura das reads pela metodologia “Goods Coverage”; testes de alfa-diversidade (Riqueza em ASVs, Uniformidade, Shannon e Simpson) ................................................ 91 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS AN Atenuação Natural ANOVA Análise de Variância ANP Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis BA Bioaumentação BaA Benzo(a)antraceno BE Bioestimulação BTEX Benzeno, Tolueno, Etilbenzeno e Xilenos CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CONAMA Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente EJ Exojaules EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPS Substâncias poliméricas extracelulares HPA Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos HTP Hidrocarbonetos Totais de Petróleo IA Inteligência Artificial LQ Limite de Quantificação NMP Número Mais Provável PCoA Análise de Coordenadas Principais QS Quorum Sensing SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 12 2 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA .................................................................................. 13 2.1 Petróleo e hidrocarbonetos ................................................................................. 13 2.2 Contaminação de ambientes marinhos por petróleo e derivados .................... 16 2.3 Toxicidade do petróleo ........................................................................................ 19 2.4 Conceitos e princípios da biorremediação ......................................................... 21 2.5 Biorremediação microbiana: agentes, estratégias e mecanismos .................... 23 2.5.1 Biossurfactantes e bioemulsificantes .............................................................. 24 2.5.2 Metabolismo microbiano de hidrocarbonetos ................................................ 25 2.5.3 Estratégias de biorremediação microbiana .................................................... 30 2.6 Aplicações, desafios e perspectivas da biorremediação .................................... 33 3 OBJETIVOS REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA .......................................................... 38 3.1 Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................ 38 4 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ........................................................................................ 38 4.1 Consórcios microbianos ...................................................................................... 38 4.1.1 Estruturação dos consórcios microbianos ...................................................... 38 4.1.2 Seleção do consórcio mais eficiente ............................................................... 41 4.2 Ensaios em microcosmos ..................................................................................... 43 4.2.1 Coleta e caracterização das amostras de água do mar .................................. 43 4.2.2 Montagem dos Microcosmos ........................................................................... 44 4.2.4 Caracterização da comunidade microbiana (metabarcoding) ....................... 48 4.5 Análise Estatística ................................................................................................ 51 5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ................................................................................ 52 5.1 Seleção do consórcio mais eficiente .................................................................... 52 5.1.1 Degradação qualitativa de hidrocarbonetos .................................................. 52 5.1.2 Ensaio de fitotoxicidade .................................................................................. 57 5.2 Ensaios em Microcosmos ..................................................................................... 60 5.2.1 Caracterização inicial da água do mar dos microcosmos .............................. 60 5.2.2 Degradação quantitativa de hidrocarbonetos ................................................ 62 5.2.3 Atividade das Desidrogenases ........................................................................ 72 5.2.4 Número mais provável .................................................................................... 74 5.2.5 Análise da fitotoxicidade com Cucumis sativus .............................................. 75 5.2.6 Avaliação da comunidade microbiana (metabarcoding) ................................ 78 6 CONCLUSÕES FINAIS .......................................................................................... 101 REFERÊNCIAS .......................................................................................................... 102 12 1 INTRODUÇÃO “Homo homini lupus” (tradução do latim “O homem é o lobo do próprio homem”) é uma afirmação atemporal, presente na peça Asinaria do dramaturgo romano, Tito Mácio Plauto, a qual ecoa fortemente ao longo dos séculos, mantendo sua ressonância em diversos momentos da sociedade. A despeito de ter sido proferida há milhares de anos, ela permanece profundamente relevante. A busca incessante pelo progresso, no século XIX, levou ao início da exploração do chamado “Ouro Negro”, o petróleo, um grande recurso da sociedade moderna, o qual tem sido essencial em diversos setores, desde a geração de energia até a produção de inseticidas (FRANCO et al., 2021). Entretanto, junto com o grande avanço que o petróleo trouxe à humanidade, veio sua exploração descontrolada, no início do século XX, que tem levado a inúmeros problemas ambientais, incluindo emissões globais de gases poluentes e destruição dos ecossistemas marinhos e terrestres (BANG & LAHN, 2019). Dentre os impactos causados pela exploração do petróleo e derivados, destacamos a contaminação de solos, sedimentos marinhos e água do mar por esses compostos (AMBAYE et al., 2023). A contaminação por esses poluentes tem sido alvo de preocupação ambiental. Exemplos recentes atestam a dimensão da problemática ambiental causada pelo petróleo em ambientes marinhos, como é o caso do derramamento de petróleo (óleo bruto) ocorrido em agosto de 2019 que atingiu a costa brasileira e alcançou estados do Nordeste e Sudeste (CABRAL et al., 2022). Como em diversas outras aplicações, os microrganismos são solução para contaminações ambientais com poluentes orgânicos, através de enzimas capazes de metabolizar essas moléculas, em um processo denominado biorremediação (BALA et al., 2022). A grande diversidade microbiana e seu metabolismo sinérgico e diversificado, quando aplicados em conjunto por meio de consórcios microbianos, vêm demonstrando alta eficácia na degradação desses contaminantes (GIOVANELLA et al., 2023; REZAEI, AMOOZEGAR & MOGHMI, 2025). Nesta técnica, espera-se a mitigação do contaminante com a degradação dos poluentes, atingindo uma mineralização completa dessas moléculas, tendo como vantagem sobre os métodos físicos e químicos o custo inferior e menor agressividade ao ambiente (UGRINA & JURIC, 2023; HOSSEINI, SHARIFI & HABIBI, 2025). O presente projeto de mestrado está associado ao projeto CNPq 440774/2020-9 intitulado “Biorremediação de petróleo em sedimentos e água do mar: estrutura e função de comunidades microbianas (MicroBioMaR)”, sob a coordenação da Profa. Dra. Lara D. Sette (UNESP/Rio Claro) e teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de biodegradação de consórcios 13 de fungos e bactérias isolados de ambientes marinhos da costa brasileira (previamente selecionados pela capacidade de degradar hidrocarbonetos e/ou apresentar propriedades emulsificantes) visando a aplicação em estudos em microcosmos, bem como estudar diferentes tratamentos de biorremediação (atenuação natural - AN, bioestimulação - BE, bioaumentação – BA e BA+BE) de água do mar contaminada com petróleo bruto em experimentos de microcosmos. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises de degradação de alcanos e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), fitotoxicidade, desidrogenases e número mais provável (NMP) de microrganismos degradadores. Também foram realizadas análises da estrutura das comunidades microbianas (metabarcoding) nos melhores tratamentos, em comparação com a atenuação natural. Espera-se que a aplicação dos tratamentos inoculados com o consórcio elaborado e bioestimulados, resulte nos resultados mais eficientes de remoção dos hidrocarbonetos do petróleo. Os resultados desse estudo irão subsidiar a seleção do melhor tratamento para aplicação em estudos de mesocosmos, como parte dos objetivos do projeto MicroBioMaR. 101 6 CONCLUSÕES FINAIS A etapa de estruturação e avaliação dos consórcios, demonstrou que todos possuem potencial de degradação dos hidrocarbonetos. Entretanto, o Consórcio 1 destacou-se como o mais eficiente na degradação de hidrocarbonetos, sendo selecionado para aplicação em microcosmos, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças significativas nos testes de fitotoxicidade entre nenhum dos consórcios. Os resultados obtidos no tratamento de bioestimulação (BE) indicam a presença de uma comunidade autóctone com alta capacidade hidrocarbonoclástica, caracterizada pela identificação de microrganismos degradadores amplamente reconhecidos, como Thalassospira, Acinetobacter, Cladosporium e Exophiala e pelas melhores taxas de remoção da maior parte dos alcanos. Todavia, a combinação da bioaumentação e bioestimulação (BA+BE) apresentou os melhores resultados nas análises de NMP, atividade da desidrogenase e na degradação de poluentes específicos e recalcitrantes, como moléculas de benzo(a)antraceno (BaA) e fluoranteno. Em conclusão, a bioestimulação da comunidade autóctone da água do mar foi efetiva para a biodegradação dos alcanos. 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