RESSALVA Atendendo solicitação da autora, o texto completo desta tese será disponibilizado somente a partir de 07/02/2027. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE PESQUISA EM BIOENERGIA unesp PROGRAMA INTEGRADO (UNESP, USP E UNICAMP) DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOENERGIA PRODUÇÃO SUSTENTÁVEL DE BIOHIDROGÊNIO E BIOMETANO A PARTIR DA DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA DE RESÍDUOS DA CADEIA DE PROCESSAMENTO E COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DA BANANA CINTIA CRISTINA DA COSTA FREIRE RIO CLARO 2025 Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Nelson Ramos Stradiotto. Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sandra Imaculada Maintinguer. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE PESQUISA EM BIOENERGIA unesp PROGRAMA INTEGRADO (UNESP, USP E UNICAMP) DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOENERGIA PRODUÇÃO SUSTENTÁVEL DE BIOHIDROGÊNIO E BIOMETANO A PARTIR DA DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA DE RESÍDUOS DA CADEIA DE PROCESSAMENTO E COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DA BANANA CINTIA CRISTINA DA COSTA FREIRE Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Nelson Ramos Stradiotto. Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sandra Imaculada Maintinguer. RIO CLARO 2025 F866p Freire, Cintia Cristina da Costa Produção sustentável de biohidrogênio e biometano a partir da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos da cadeia de processamento e comercialização da banana / Cintia Cristina da Costa Freire. -- Rio Claro, 2025 159 f. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia, Rio Claro Orientador: Nelson Ramos Stradiotto Coorientadora: Sandra Imaculada Maintinguer 1. Digestão anaeróbia. 2. Gerenciamento de resíduos. 3. Aproveitamento energético. 4. Biogás. 5. Hidrogênio. I. Título. Sistema de geração automática de fichas catalográficas da Unesp. Dados fornecidos pelo autor(a). Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia - Unidade Complementar - Rio Claro - Rua 10, 2527, 13500230 www.ipben.unesp.br UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE PESQUISA EM BIOENERGIA unesp CERTIFICADO DE APROVAÇÃO TÍTULO DA TESE: AUTORA: CINTIA CRISTINA DA COSTA FREIRE ORIENTADOR: NELSON RAMOS STRADIOTTO COORIENTADOR: SANDRA IMACULADA MAINTINGUER Aprovada como parte das exigências para obtenção do Título de Doutora em Ciências, área: Bioenergia pela Comissão Examinadora: Rio Claro, 07 de agosto de 2025 PRODUÇÃO SUSTENTÁVEL DE BIOHIDROGÊNIO E BIOMETANO A PARTIR DA DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA DE RESÍDUOS DA CADEIA DE PROCESSAMENTO E COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DA BANANA. AGRADECIMENTOS O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brasil, Processo nº 2020/15155-3 e Projeto Temático de Fruto- refinaria n° 2017/22401-8. As opiniões, hipóteses e conclusões ou recomendações expressas neste material são de responsabilidade dos autores e não necessariamente refletem a visão da FAPESP. Agradecimento ao Programa Integrado de Pós-graduação em Bioenergia (UNICAMP, USP e UNESP) pela infraestrutura ofertada. Ao grupo de pesquisa do laboratório de Biossistemas para Bioenergia, por ter me acolhido em Rio Claro para a execução dos ensaios laboratoriais, e, especialmente aos meus amigos Danieli, Gabriel e Daiana pela troca de conhecimentos, ajuda nos desafios cotidianos e boas risadas proporcionadas. À minha orientadora, Dra. Sandra imaculada Maintinguer, pelo suporte durante toda a jornada de doutorado e pela oportunidade ofertada. Aos meus pais, Maria das Mercês e José Cristino, por me encorajarem a realizar esse sonho compartilhado sem deixar que nada me faltasse, e à vovó Pedrina, por ser fonte de inspiração. São estes os três professores que mais admiro no planeta terra. Ao meu gatinho, Sushi - adotado em um dia de trabalho no IPBEN -, que, juntamente com Sobá, foram minha companhia fiel durante toda a jornada de escrita da tese. À Levy Bento, pelo apoio e por não ter me deixado desistir nos momentos de insegurança. A todos os meus amigos que, independentemente da distância ou da correria da vida adulta, sempre vibraram comigo a cada conquista. “Não se encontra a paz evitando a vida”, Virginia Woolf. RESUMO A crescente demanda por soluções sustentáveis no setor agroindustrial e alimentício tem incentivado pesquisas sobre o aproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos para geração de bioenergia. Nesse cenário, resíduos da cadeia de processamento e comercialização da banana foram estudados como substratos para digestão anaeróbia, visando produzir biohidrogênio (bioH₂) e biometano (bioCH₄). A investigação englobou estudos de biodigestão de bananas impróprias para consumo e também da água residuária do processamento industrial da banana (ARPB). Além disso, técnicas de delineamento experimental e metodologia de superfície de resposta visando otimizar variáveis operacionais (temperatura, pH e relação substrato/inóculo) dos biorreatores e técnicas de digestão anaeróbia em sistemas de estágio único (produção direta de bioCH4 em biorreator metanogênico) e duplo estágio (produção sequencial de bioH2 e bioCH4) para a ARPB foram avaliadas. Nos ensaios de fermentação dos resíduos de comercialização da banana, a alta disponibilidade de açúcares de fácil fermentação resultaram em uma produção de bioH2 265,47 mL bioH2/gSTV. Com relação à fermentação da ARPB, a produção máxima de 210,82 NmL bioH2/g TC foi obtida com a codigestão de 2,0 g TC/L do substrato com esgoto sintético. Em contrapartida, um maior rendimento de produção de bioH2 da ARPB (241,5 NmL/gCT) foi obtido nas condições 37,5 °C; pH 5,75; S/I de 2,35 (ponto central do delineamento experimental) no estudo de otimização das variáveis operacionais, sem a necessidade de codigestão com esgoto sintético, o que evidenciou o planejamento experimental como uma técnica eficaz para a maximização da produção de bioH₂. Para as duas configurações reacionais avaliadas para o tratamento da ARPB visando a produção de bioCH4, o maior rendimento de biometano foi obtido para o sistema de estágio único (602 NmLCH₄/gDQO), resultando em um maior aproveitamento energético (24,41 MJ/kgDQO). Em contrapartida, o ensaio que compõe o segundo estágio de biodigestão da ARPB apresentou um rendimento de 340 NmLCH₄/gDQO e aproveitamento energético de apenas 19,44 MJ/kgDQO. Com base nestes resultados, a valorização dos resíduos da cadeia de processamento e comercialização da banana por meio da digestão anaeróbia tem se mostrado como uma estratégia sustentável que pode aliar o tratamento eficiente de resíduos à geração de bioenergia, contribuindo para a mitigação dos impactos ambientais e para o fortalecimento da economia circular no setor agroindustrial. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Resíduos da bananicultura; biometano; biohidrogênio; digestão anaeróbia; recuperação energética. ABSTRACT The growing demand for sustainable solutions in the agricultural and food industries has driven research into using organic waste to generate bioenergy. In this context, residues from the banana processing and commercialization chain were investigated as substrates for anaerobic digestion to produce biofuels such as biohydrogen (bioH₂) and biomethane (bioCH₄). This research included studies on the biodigestion of bananas that were unsuitable for consumption, as well as the banana processing wastewater (BPW). Additionally, the use of experimental design techniques and response surface methodology to optimize the operational variables (temperature, pH, and substrate/inoculum ratio) of bioreactors were evaluated, as well as anaerobic digestion in single-stage (single production of bioCH₄ in a methanogenic bioreactor) and two-stage (sequential production of bioH₂ and bioCH₄ in different bioreactors) systems for ARPB. During fermentation assays with banana residues, the abundance of easily fermentable sugars resulted in the production of 265.47 mL of bioH₂ per g TVS. Regarding the fermentation of BPW, the maximum production of 210.82 NmL of bioH₂/g TC was obtained through the co- digestion of 2.0 g TC/L of substrate in synthetic sewage. However, a higher bioH₂ production yield (241.5 NmL/gTC) was obtained at 37.5 °C, pH 5.75, and an S/A of 2.35 (central point of the experimental design) in the BPW fermentation optimization study. These results demonstrated that the experimental design is an effective method for maximizing bioH₂ production. Regarding the two reaction configurations evaluated for treating BPW to bioCH₄ production, the single-stage system had the highest biomethane yield (602 NmLCH₄/gCOD) and energy recovery (24.41 MJ/kgCOD). On the other hand, the BPW biodigestion in the two- stage system showed a yield of 340 NmL CH₄/g COD and an energy recovery of 19.44 MJ/kg COD. These results demonstrate that valorizing waste from the banana processing and distribution chain through anaerobic digestion is a sustainable strategy that combines efficient waste treatment with bioenergy generation. This approach contributes to mitigating environmental impacts and strengthening the circular economy in the agro-industrial sector. KEYWORDS: Banana residues; biomethane; biohydrogen; anaerobic digestion; energy recovery. SUMÁRIO HIPÓTESES E OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................................................. 13 1. HIPÓTESE GERAL ................................................................................................................................................ 13 2. OBJETIVOS GERAIS .............................................................................................................................................. 13 3. HIPÓTESES E OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ...................................................................................................................... 13 CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS ............................................................................................................................... 16 CAPÍTULO 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 POTENCIAL DOS RESÍDUOS DA CADEIA DE PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE BANANA PARA A GERAÇÃO DE BIOENERGIA: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA .................................................................................................. 18 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................... 18 2 PANORAMA GERAL DE PRODUÇÃO DA BANANA ......................................................................................... 19 3 GERAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS ............................................................................................................................... 22 4 VALORIZAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS DA BANANA PARA FINS ENERGÉTICOS: ESTADO DA ARTE ........................... 24 5 DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA ................................................................................................................................ 29 5.1 PROCESSO E PRINCIPAIS PRODUTOS ..................................................................................................................... 29 5.2 PRINCIPAIS MICRORGANISMOS ENVOLVIDOS NA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOHIDROGÊNIO E BIOMETANO ....................................... 32 5.2.1 Microbiologia da digestão anaeróbia para produção de biohidrogênio ............................................ 32 5.2.2 Microbiologia da digestão anaeróbia para produção de biometano.................................................. 36 5.3 PARÂMETROS DE PROCESSO QUE INFLUENCIAM A DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA ..................................................................... 37 6 O PAPEL DA ECONOMIA CIRCULAR NA CADEIA PRODUTIVA E DE CONSUMO DA BANANA .......................... 38 7 CONCLUSÃO E PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS ....................................................................................................... 39 8 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................................................... 41 CAPÍTULO 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 PRODUÇÃO DE BIOHIDROGÊNIO A PARTIR DE RESÍDUOS DA COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DA BANANA: AVALIAÇÃO DA PERFORMANCE DE INÓCULO AUTÓCTONE E ALÓCTONE NO PROCESSO FERMENTATIVO ......................... 48 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................... 49 2 MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................................... 50 2.1 SUBSTRATOS ................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.2 OBTENÇÃO DOS INÓCULOS ................................................................................................................................. 52 2.2.1 Consórcio de bactérias fermentativas autóctones............................................................................... 52 2.2.2 Consórcio de bactérias fermentativas alóctones ................................................................................ 52 2.3 MONTAGEM DOS REATORES FERMENTATIVOS PARA PRODUÇÃO DE H2........................................................................ 53 2.4 ANÁLISES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS, CROMATOGRÁFICAS E MICROBIOLÓGICAS ........................................................................ 53 2.4.1 Análises físico-químicas ...................................................................................................................... 53 2.4.2 Análises cromatográficas .................................................................................................................... 54 2.4.3 Parâmetros cinéticos .......................................................................................................................... 55 2.4.4 Análise taxonômica ............................................................................................................................. 55 3 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO .......................................................................................................................... 56 3.1 CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DO SUBSTRATO ................................................................................................. 56 3.2 OBTENÇÃO DO INÓCULO AUTÓCTONE .................................................................................................................. 56 3.2.1 Consórcios de bactérias fermentativas autóctones e alóctones .......................................................... 56 3.3 ENSAIOS DE PRODUÇÃO DE BIOH2 ....................................................................................................................... 59 3.4 PERFIL DE PRODUÇÃO DE METABÓLITOS ORGÂNICOS ............................................................................................... 62 4 CONCLUSÃO ................................................................................................................................................. 64 5 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................................................... 64 CAPÍTULO 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 UNRAVELLING THE BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION POTENTIAL FROM A CODIGESTION PROCESS OF BANANA PROCESSING WASTEWATER AND SYNTHETIC SEWAGE BY ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITY ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 69 1 INTODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 70 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 72 2.1 Substrates and Inoculum ........................................................................................................................ 72 2.2 Experimental set-up ............................................................................................................................... 73 2.3 Analytical methods ................................................................................................................................. 74 2.4 Microbial community analysis ............................................................................................................... 75 2.5 Statistical analysis and kinetic parameters of hydrogen production ..................................................... 76 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 76 3.1 Hydrogen production from BPW ........................................................................................................... 76 3.2 Soluble metabolites production .............................................................................................................. 81 3.3 Taxonomic profile and prediction of functional genes expression ......................................................... 85 4 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 92 5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 93 CAPÍTULO 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 99 MAXIMIZAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO FERMENTATIVA DE BIOHIDROGÊNIO A PARTIR DA ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DO PROCESSAMENTO INDUSTRIAL DA BANANA: A VALIAÇÃO DA INFLUÊNCIA DAS VARIÁVEIS TEMPERATURA, PH E RAZÃO SUBSTRATO INÓCULO ...................................................................................................................... 99 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................. 100 1 MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................................. 101 2.1 SUBSTRATO E INÓCULO ............................................................................................................................. 101 2.2 PLANEJAMENTO EXPERIMENTAL E CONFIGURAÇÃO DOS ENSAIOS EM BATELADA ...................................... 102 2.3 ANÁLISE DE CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE AS VARIÁVEIS OPERACIONAIS E RESPOSTAS EXPERIMENTAIS ................ 103 2.4 MÉTODOS ANALÍTICOS .............................................................................................................................. 104 2.5 PARÂMETROS CINÉTICOS ........................................................................................................................... 104 2.6 ANÁLISE TAXONÔMICA .............................................................................................................................. 104 3 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ........................................................................................................................ 105 3.1 EFEITOS DA TEMPERATURA, S/I E PH INICIAL NO RENDIMENTO DE BIOH2 .................................................. 105 3.2 ANÁLISE DE CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE AS VARIÁVEIS ESTUDADAS ..................................................................................... 111 3.3 VALIDAÇÃO DO MODELO ........................................................................................................................... 114 3.3.1 Cinética da produção de bioH2 ......................................................................................................... 114 3.3.2 Perfil de produção de metabólitos solúveis ...................................................................................... 115 3.3.3 Análise taxonômica ........................................................................................................................... 116 4 CONCLUSÃO ............................................................................................................................................... 119 5 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................................................. 120 CAPÍTULO 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 127 TRATAMENTO DA ÁGUA RESÍDUÁRIA DO PROCESSAMENTO INDUSTRIAL DA BANANA POR DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA: ANÁLISE DA BIODIGESTÃO EM ESTÁGIO ÚNICO E EM DOIS ESTÁGIOS ..................................... 127 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................. 128 2 MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................................. 129 2.1 SUBSTRATO E INÓCULO ................................................................................................................................... 129 2.2 MONTAGEM DOS REATORES ............................................................................................................................. 130 2.2.1 Ensaio de biodigestão da ARPB bruta (Estágio único) .................................................................... 130 2.2.2 Ensaio de biodigestão do efluente da fermentação da ARPB (2° estágio) ....................................... 131 2.3 MÉTODOS ANALÍTICOS E PARÂMETROS CINÉTICOS ................................................................................................ 131 2.4 APROVEITAMENTO ENERGÉTICO ........................................................................................................................ 133 2.4.1 Cálculo de energia gerada ................................................................................................................ 133 2.4.2 Cálculo do Aproveitamento Energético ............................................................................................ 133 2.5 ANÁLISE TAXONÔMICA .................................................................................................................................... 134 3 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ........................................................................................................................ 135 3.1 PERFORMANCE DOS BIORREATORES NA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOMETANO ......................................................................... 135 3.2 PERFORMANCE DOS BIORREATORES NA REMOÇÃO DE MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA ................................................................ 137 3.3 AVALIAÇÃO DO APROVEITAMENTO ENERGÉTICO ................................................................................................... 140 3.4 ANÁLISE TAXONÔMICA .................................................................................................................................... 142 3.4.1 Composição da comunidade microbiana total e abundância nos biorreatores ................................ 142 3.4.2 Composição e abundância da comunidade pertencente ao domínio Archaea .................................. 145 4 CONCLUSÃO ............................................................................................................................................... 147 5 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................................................. 148 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ............................................................................................................................... 155 APÊNDICE A – SYNTHETIC DOMESTIC SEWAGE SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ....................................................... 158 APÊNDICE B – SOLUBLE METABOLITE PRODUCTS SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ................................................... 159 16 CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS O presente trabalho foi estruturado com o objetivo de apresentar de forma detalhada os resultados obtidos ao longo da pesquisa de doutorado, organizados no formato de capítulos. Cada um desses capítulos aborda, de maneira independente, as análises e experimentos realizados para cada uma das hipóteses levantadas para este estudo, conforme descrito no Quadro 1. O Capítulo 3 obteve desdobramento em um artigo científico intitulado como “Unravelling the Biohydrogen Production Potential from a Co-Digestion Process of Banana Processing Wastewater and Synthetic Sewage by Anaerobic Fermentation: Performance Evaluation and Microbial Community Analysis”, publicado na revista internacional Waste and Biomass Valorization. O conteúdo deste artigo foi incorporado à presente tese em sua íntegra, mantendo-se fiel à versão publicada na referida revista científica. 17 QUADRO 1. Estrutura da tese de doutorado na temática “Produção sustentável de biohidrogênio e biometano a partir da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos da cadeia de produção e consumo da banana”. DESCRIÇÃO/HIPÓTESE OBJETIVO POSIÇÃO TIPO H1 - Apesar de os resíduos da cadeia de produção e consumo da banana apresentarem potencial para serem eficientemente aproveitados para produção de diferentes biocombustíveis, há uma lacuna significativa na literatura quanto à sua exploração para a obtenção sustentável de biogás e biohidrogênio por meio da digestão anaeróbia. • Contextualizar a relevância econômica e o volume da produção da fruta, evidenciando o problema ambiental da geração de resíduos, reforçando a necessidade de soluções sustentáveis para o aproveitamento desta biomassa residual; • Realizar uma análise bibliométrica da produção científica relacionada à digestão anaeróbia de resíduos da banana, identificando tendências e oportunidades de pesquisa. Capítulo 1 Artigo de revisão H2 - O inóculo obtido a partir dos resíduos da comercialização da banana, produzidos em mercado local de Rio Claro – SP, quando empregado em reatores fermentativos, possui maior eficiência na degradação do resíduo e produção de biohidrogênio quando comparado ao lodo granular obtido de reator UASB para tratamento de resíduos de avicultura. • Avaliar as características físico-químicas dos resíduos da comercialização da banana; • Obter inóculo a partir do resíduo da banana por meio da incubação do caldo fermentativo do resíduo enriquecido com meio de cultivo semi-definido para a fermentação; • Avaliar a produção de biohidrogênio e metabólitos solúveis a partir da fermentação escura dos resíduos da banana utilizando inóculo autóctone e alóctone. Capítulo 2 Artigo empírico H3 - A água residuária do processamento da banana (ARPB) é um substrato promissor para a produção de biohidrogênio; • Avaliar a produção de biohidrogênio em reatores batelada alimentados com diferentes concentrações de ARPB; • Avaliar o perfil taxonômico e funcional da biomassa fermentativa sob efeito das diferentes concentrações de ARPB testadas. Capítulo 3 Artigo empírico (Publicado) H4 - Ferramentas de delineamento experimental podem auxiliar na maximização da produção de biohidrogênio a partir da água residuária do processamento da banana. • Maximizar a produção de biohidrogênio a partir da fermentação da água residuária do processamento da banana; • Avaliar a influência das variáveis temperatura, razão substrato inóculo e pH inicial na produção de biohidrogênio; • Avaliar o perfil taxonômico e funcional da biomassa fermentativa nas condições operacionais mais favoráveis para a produção de bioH2. Capítulo 4 Artigo empírico H5 - Ensaios de produção de biometano alimentados com o efluente fermentativo obtido de reatores utilizados para a produção de biohidrogênio possuem maior aproveitamento energético quando comparados aos ensaios utilizando o resíduo bruto. • Avaliar a produção de biometano utilizando ARPB bruta (estágio único); • Avaliar a produção de biometano em reatores batelada utilizando os efluentes da fermentação da ARPB (ensaio de segundo estágio); • Avaliar o aproveitamento energético e a composição da comunidade microbiana dos ensaios de biodigestão em estágio único e em dois estágios. Capítulo 5 Artigo empírico 41 8 REFERÊNCIAS ABDEL-FATAH, Mona A. Integrated Management of Industrial Wastewater in the Food Sector. Sustainability (Switzerland)Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), , 1 dez. 2023. ACEVEDO, Sasha Alzate et al. Recovery of Banana Waste-Loss from Production and Processing: A Contribution to a Circular Economy. 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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 44, n. 2, p. 661–673, 8 jan. 2019. 155 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Este estudo investigou o potencial dos resíduos gerados ao longo da cadeia de comercialização e consumo da banana, incluindo águas residuárias e frutos descartados comercialmente, como substrato para digestão anaeróbia visando à obtenção de biometano e biohidrogênio. A partir das hipóteses levantadas, foi possível validar, por meio de diferentes abordagens teóricas, procedimentos experimentais e análises estatísticas as possibilidades do aproveitamento dessa biomassa residual para obtenção dos produtos de valor agregado a partir da digestão anaeróbia. O diagrama que representa visualmente as hipóteses e principais resultados obtidos está representado na Figura 1. Figura 1. Diagrama das hipóteses e principais resultados relacionados à digestão anaeróbia dos resíduos da cadeia de processamento e comercialização da banana, com foco na produção de biometano e biohidrogênio. A primeira hipótese sugere que, apesar do potencial dos resíduos da banana para a recuperação energética, há uma lacuna significativa na literatura quanto à exploração destes resíduos para obtenção sustentável de biogás e biohidrogênio via digestão anaeróbia. A abordagem teórica realizada enfatiza que, embora o Brasil seja um dos maiores produtores da fruta, há uma escassez na produção científica do país e também a 156 nível global sobre produção sustentável de biogás e biohidrogênio a partir dos resíduos da cadeia produtiva da banana nos últimos 25 anos. Os países que possuem abundância desta matéria-prima enfrentam desafios com o descarte de resíduos, o que torna mais urgente a busca por processos de aproveitamento energético mais eficientes, baratos e sustentáveis. Além disso, essa demanda pode servir como incentivo estimular govern