Knowl. Org. 44(2017)No.8 D. G. Campbell, J. A. Ch. Guimarães, F. A. Pinho, D. Martínez-Ávila, F. A. Nascimento. The Terminological Polyhedron ... 586 The Terminological Polyhedron in LGBTQ Terminology: Self-Naming as a Power to Empower in Knowledge Organization† D. Grant Campbell*, José Augusto Chaves Guimarães**, Fabio Assis Pinho***, Daniel Martínez-Ávila**** and Francisco Arrais Nascimento***** *University of Western Ontario, Canada, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Brazil, **, ****, *****francisco.arrais.nascimento@gmail.com ***Department of Information Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, D. Grant Campbell is an associate professor of information studies in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at the University of Western Ontario, in London, Ontario, Canada. His research includes indexing and classification issues related to marginalized communities, as well as to emerging standards of metadata in linked data contexts. José Augusto Chaves Guimarães is a professor at the Department of Information Science and the chair of the Knowledge Organization Research Group at São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marília, Brazil. His research is focused on domain analy- sis, epistemology of knowledge organzation and the ethics of knowledge organiza- tion. He is founder and past-president of ISKO-Brazil, and a former member of the Executive Board of ISKO. He acted as a visiting professor at the University of Lille (France) in 2016 and was the chair of the 14th International ISKO Conference (Rio de Janeiro, 2016). Fabio Assis Pinho is Associate Professor in the Department of Information Science at Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. He received his master’s degree in information science in 2006 and his PhD in 2010, both from São Paulo State Uni- versity. His research interests lie on the broad area of knowledge organization and representation, especially ethical issues in knowledge organization. Daniel Martínez-Ávila is an assistant professor at the Department of Information Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Marília, Brazil. He is a member of the ISKO Scientific Advisory Council. He also collaborates with the Satija Research Foundation for Library and Information Science, India, and the Institute for Gender Studies (IEG) at University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain. Francisco Arrais Nascimento is a a PhD student at São Paulo State University (UNESP). He holds a master’s degree in information science from Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) and a bachelor’s degree in ad- ministration from Federal University of Ceará (UFC). He has experience in information science and knowl- edge organization in the areas of sexuality, document analysis and the thematic process of information. Campbell, D. Grant, José Augusto Chaves Guimarães, Fabio Assis Pinho, Daniel Martínez-Ávila and Francisco Arrais Nascimento. 2017. “The Terminological Polyhedron in LGBTQ Terminology: Self-Naming as a Power to Empower in Knowledge Organization.” Knowledge Organization 44(8): 586-591. 29 references. Abstract: This paper uses Hope Olson’s concept of “the power to name” to explore the terminological practices of the LGBTQ com- munity in the Cariri region of Brazil in the years between 2006 and 2013. LGBTQ communities can seize back the “power to name,” tra- ditionally exerted by a heteronormative society upon marginalized groups, by organizing their cultural and practical knowledge from https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Generiert durch IP '54.70.40.11', am 22.03.2019, 19:57:34. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Knowl. Org. 44(2017)No.8 D. G. Campbell, J. A. Ch. Guimarães, F. A. Pinho, D. Martínez-Ávila, F. A. Nascimento. The Terminological Polyhedron ... 587 within and by exercising the power to name themselves and their specific domains and cultural practices. The study showed that knowl- edge organization—the act of defining entities and categories and assigning specific names to them—is a gesture of self-empowerment on many different levels. The “power of self-naming” in this LGBTQ community is a polyhedron in which some facets are frequent, such as the power to empower or affirm an identity. On the one hand, the names and categories break through gender, geographical and tem- poral specificity to embrace terms, names, and idioms drawn from a range of different countries, traditions, languages, and time periods. On the other hand, these names and categories work to reinforce and affirm the geographical and cultural specificity of the Cariri region itself, embedding its pride and self-affirmation within the varied languages and heteronormative history of Portuguese colonization in that region. In selecting terms and categories to name, organize, and celebrate their identities, the LGBTQ people of Cariri have taken the power to name: not as information intermediaries striving for objectivity and neutrality but as committed members of a marginalized but vital community. Received: 23 October 2017; Accepted 25 October 2017 Keywords: terms, knowledge organization, power, lgbtq † Paper presented at the ISKO-Canada/US, Sixth North American Symposium on Knowledge Organization: Visualizing Knowledge Or- ganization: Bringing Focus to Abstract Realities, June 15-17, 2017, Champaign, IL, USA. 1.0 Introduction The need for an ethical commitment in knowledge repre- sentation is a recurrent concern in the literature of library and information science (LIS)(Berman 1993; Beghtol 2002 and 2005; Fernández Molina and Guimarães 2002; García Gutiérrez 2002; Guimarães et al. 2008; Hudon 1997; Olson 1998 and 2002; Pinho 2010, among others) on aspects related to prejudices, antipathies, proselytism, euphemism, cultural warrant, cultural hospitality, literality, and political correctness, among others. Considering this stream of publications, this paper explores Olson’s no- tion of “power to name” (2002), originally conceived as a power that the librarian has when creating surrogates for documents in knowledge organization systems (KOSs) and adding another dimension, the “power of self- naming,” exerted when specific and marginalized com- munities decide to represent specific subjects using new terms that can serve as a communication code among the members of the community, also including other pur- poses such as identification and protection. One example of this is the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans- gender) environment, whose distinct features lead not only to a richness of specialty vocabularies but also to a tension between aboutness and meaning as studied by Campbell (2000). In this sense, we explore the termino- logical practices within LGBTQ communities (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning) in the Cariri region (a region whose recent growth and development, as Leite Júnior and Nascimento 2017 point out, has been based on religious imagery such as Beata Maria Magda- lena do Espírito Santo de Araújo and Father Cicero Romão Batista and the multicultural influence of the Por- tuguese colonizers, native indigenous populations, and the African slaves) in the years between 2006 and 2013, based upon an ongoing study of the knowledge organiza- tion dimensions of the terminological patterns of LGBTQ people from that region (Guimarães, Nasci- mento, and Pinho 2016). The “power to name” has been traditionally exerted by a heteronormative society upon marginalized groups. This research analyzes how LGBTQ communities seize that power back by organizing their cultural and practical knowledge from within and by exercising the power to name themselves and their specific domains and cultural practices. In this sense, queer research can be characterized as a contingent, multiple, and unstable subject (Browne and Nash 2010) that is always struggling between the need for recognition and the avoidance of essentialism. Queer scholars also claim (Browne and Nash 2010, 7-8) that “what we mean by queer, we argue, is and should remain unclear, fluid and multiple.” Eventual mutations and incor- poration of new terms is a strategy of survival of the community. Terms must be understood and shared by the community as a code, but, at the same, time they must be overcome when the risk of essentialism is near. LGBTQ vocabularies constitute specialized languages that include rich figures of speech and that work on mul- tiple levels (in a tension between the power to evidence and the power to hide). These levels of meaning allow speakers both to limit the understanding of their vocabu- lary to their members and to revel in the richness of im- agery that populates the LGBTQ universe (Pinho and Guimarães 2012). The richness of the imagery of a given vocabulary can be evidenced especially by the presence of a vivid and innovative metaphorical dimension (Kon- rad 1958; Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Black 1981; Pinho 2010). The study of these metaphors inevitably involves con- sideration of time. LGBTQ terminology is ever-shifting and heavily relies on metaphors, metonyms, metaphto- nymies (Bustos 2010; Goossens 1990), and other figures https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Generiert durch IP '54.70.40.11', am 22.03.2019, 19:57:34. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Knowl. Org. 44(2017)No.8 D. G. Campbell, J. A. Ch. Guimarães, F. A. Pinho, D. Martínez-Ávila, F. A. Nascimento. The Terminological Polyhedron ... 588 of speech that have historical connotations and add even more complexity for knowledge organization processes. In addition to this temporal variation of terms (an as- pect that has been recently studied, for instance, in Fox 2016), this paper also suggests another axis for the analy- sis of the complexity and strategies of the LGBTQ and queer communities’ power to name, as proposed by Guimarães (2017) for a glocal (global + local) approach: space. Although many of the terms that are used by these groups are imported and adapted from English, and more specifically from the United States (Bustos 2010; Trim 2007), local communities also propose regional variations and terms, using metaphors and other figures of speech too, as a reflection of their mundane reality and as a partial reinforcement of their cultural identity. This second axis, space, is another dimension that meth- odologically opens many possibilities for the study of and research into the LGBTQ’s organization of knowledge. In this paper, we furnish and analyze an example of how an LGBTQ vocabulary can be committed to its cul- tural background and, at the same time, to the interna- tional terminological configuration of the field. 2.0 Objective The paper aims to verify to what extent this “power of self-naming” is present in this community as well as the categories that are used in the knowledge representation process that this power entails. 3.0 Methodology The Cariri region, originally occupied by the Kariri Indian tribe, is located in the south of Ceará State in Northeast- ern Brazil and was the destination of many migratory cy- cles of pilgrims. Its cultural identity has, therefore, been shaped since early times by religious and heteronormative concepts; concepts which gave no place to alternative se- xualities. The records and experiences of LGBTQ people living in this region have historically been marginalized, forgotten, or excluded from the history of this region. Nonetheless, LGBTQ people are there, and in the late 1990s, they found their voice and began to advocate for minority rights. In the years that followed, their actions and, equally important, their language, was captured in the proceedings of various non-governmental organiza- tions (NGOs). This paper is based on a documentary analysis of twenty-five meeting minutes published between 2006 and 2013 by two NGOs (non-governmental organizations): Grupo de Apoio a Livre Orientação Sexual (Supporting Group to the Free Sexual Orientation, GALOSC) and As- sociação de Apoio, Defesa e Cidadania dos Homossexuais (Association for the Support, Protection and Citizenship of Homosexuals, AADECHO). The minutes are usually composed of the following structure: 1) title; 2) opening; 3) identification of the members present; 4) agenda; and, 5) closing. The methodological procedures included the following steps (Nascimento 2015): a) domain analysis (Hjørland and Albrechtsen 1995; Hjørland 1997 and 2002; Tennis 2003 and 2012; Smiraglia 2013) in order to under- stand the extension and scope of the domain to analyze according to the discourse community; b) selection and reading of the minutes; c) identification and extraction of metaphorical terms; and, d) categorization of the terms us- ing content analysis (Bardin 1989). For the step of identifi- cation and extraction of metaphorical terms, we used a technique of continuous reading of empirical materiality in order to try to grasp the meanings that have not been no- ticed or not said. This phase of continuous readings allows the analyst to find repetitive words and phrases that may represent situations more or less coherent and of similar meaning, metaphors which may involve specific images or words with particular meanings. 4.0 Results and discussion A study of these minutes and an extraction of the relevant terms produced eight hundred fifteen metaphorical terms that allow the definition of three major categories: women’s names (e.g., Hebe Camargo, Greta Garbo, Emma Thompson, Deborah Kerr, Uma Thurman, Watusi, etc.); body parts (e.g., suitcase, velcro); and, actions (e.g., free the chicken, behave like an Egyptian, break the porcelain, to be beige). Within these categories, two sets of contrasts emerged. First, the variety of metaphors serves both to hide and to reveal. The use of euphemisms for body parts and sexual acts, on the one hand, enables a marginalized community to have its own language, with terms that those outside the community would not understand. On the other hand, the terms provide a rich and variegated means of identifying, and celebrating body parts and sexual acts that are often silenced through overt censorship or through self-censorship. That is the case of imaginative and inventive euphemisms to identify and celebrate body parts and sexual acts that are often silenced. The naming patterns within LGBTQ communities in the Cariri region suggest that knowledge organization—the act of defining entities and categories and assigning spe- cific names to them—is a gesture of self-empowerment on many different levels. The study showed that the “power of self-naming” in this LGBTQ community is a polyhe- dron in which various facets appear. Three facets appeared with particular frequency: https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Generiert durch IP '54.70.40.11', am 22.03.2019, 19:57:34. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Knowl. Org. 44(2017)No.8 D. G. Campbell, J. A. Ch. Guimarães, F. A. Pinho, D. Martínez-Ávila, F. A. Nascimento. The Terminological Polyhedron ... 589 – the power to empower/to affirm an identity. Examples include: Watusi (reference to a very famous Brazilian actress/singer, member of the Moulin Rouge’s cast); Wonder woman (powerful guy); free the chicken (for coming out of the closet); Alice (a gay dreamer); – the power to ironize/to criticize. Examples include: Nefertite (a very old gay who keeps an aura of mys- tery); truck driver, diesel, tank panzer (a lesbian with very masculine manners); dragon (very ugly person); bread with egg (very poor gay, named after the cheap- est sandwich in Brazil); Greta (a shy and mysterious gay, in allusion to Greta Garbo’s personality); social security (night club whose customers are usually eld- erly people); Banho de Cleópatra (activities that in- volve copious amounts of a substance reminiscent of Cleopatra’s fabled baths of milk); and, – the power to self-protect. Examples include: Alibã/ Aliban (police); Papapum (onomatopoeic reference to revolver, gun); Philips (for civil police car); Africa (something hard, painful, referencing to the African slaves, and more). This empowerment follows two surprisingly different tra- jectories. On the one hand, the names and categories break through gender, geographical, and temporal speci- ficity to embrace terms, names, and idioms drawn from a range of different countries, different traditions, different languages, and different time periods. The widespread use of female names, in particular, draws from a richly varied set of times and places and cultures both within and be- yond Brazilian mainstream culture. Many of the terms derive from French and English traditions, including popular gay linguistic hybrids such as “lesbian chic” or Fashion “dénécessaire.” On the other hand, these names and categories work to reinforce and affirm the geographical and cultural specific- ity of the Cariri region itself, embedding its pride and self- affirmation within the diverse languages and heteronorma- tive history of Portuguese colonization in that region. The language of these minutes is full of words, not only from Portuguese but also from English, German, French, and African languages such as bajubá (e.g., truck driver—a very masculinized lesbian; lipstick lesbian—a very feminine les- bian; tank panzer—a very masculinized lesbian; bas fond—marginalized social classes; beige—to be surprised; Ajeum—food, Guanto—condom, Ocani—male body parts). These different positions can also be observed in the use of imported terms (e.g., bear) and the construction of regional expressions (e.g., “free the chicken,” coming out of the closet). It is also possible to observe a richness in terms of the construction of the metaphors, by means of onomatopoe- ias (e.g., Uma Thurman—group of gays or “uma turma” in Portuguese or Emma Thompson—hematoma); double meaning methaphors (e.g., break the porcelain—affective relationship between two gays or a hard discussion be- tween two gays); or neologisms (e.g., pitt boy—aggressive homophobic man—from pit bull). 5.0 Implications for practice For professionals in knowledge organization, the implica- tions of this study are ambiguous: to what extent should the naming practices of marginalized communities be in- corporated into standard retrieval tools and knowledge or- ganization structures? On the one hand, keeping up with the constantly shifting terminology within marginalized communities is difficult, expensive, time-consuming, and ultimately futile. Even as indexers discover fresh concepts and terms and lead-in terms, the community abandons them for even newer terms, unknown to established insti- tutions and law-enforcement bodies. On the other hand, the richness of these terms suggests a valuable opportu- nity; the opportunity to ground subject languages within the unique vitality of specific temporal and geographical regions. This opportunity should not be wasted. Empowerment: Terms of empowerment are clearly the most important for KO professionals, since they indicate the terms most appropriate for inclu- sion in standard tools, either as preferred terms or as lead-in terms (e.g., coming out UF freeing the chicken). This is important, because, as observed by Pinho (2010), these terms are beginning to appear as keywords in the scientific literature. Irony and criticism: The ironic appropriation of terms for ludicrous or satiric effect often requires a knowledge of the specific context in order to be ei- ther informative or effective. While they are unlikely to serve much use in the context of a stan- dard KO tool, professionals may find lists of such terms useful in the process of document analysis for indexing purposes. In addition, some may serve a useful collocating function; both “Banho de Cleopatra” and “Nefertiti,” for instance, allude to a fascination in various gay cultures with the extrava- gances of Egypt in popular entertainment and could provide a meaningful means of access to plays like Michel Tremblay’s Hosanna. It is impor- tant to consider this aspect during the indexing of the document. For example, the information on the back cover of a book saying: “In this play, a young man is humiliated at a party where he dresses up as Elizabeth Taylor in Cleopatra,” could be an indica- tion of the subject gay men. https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Generiert durch IP '54.70.40.11', am 22.03.2019, 19:57:34. Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. https://doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-586 Knowl. Org. 44(2017)No.8 D. G. Campbell, J. A. Ch. Guimarães, F. A. Pinho, D. Martínez-Ávila, F. A. Nascimento. The Terminological Polyhedron ... 590 Self-protection: We anticipate that the LGBTQ community’s terms of self-protection will continue to be their own, as long as its members feel the need to resort to protective measures within their own community. Such terms will mutate quickly, to re- main unknown outside the community. For such terms, the professional KO community’s role will primarily be an historical one: preserving the record of such terms, to remind later members of the community of that community’s history. Terms that provide protection would be: Ajé (a person who is fake, bad, lousy); Alibã/Aliban (police); Alibete (rob- bery); Gambé (police officer); Black magic (a big danger); Magic (a circumstance, state or situation that foretells something bad to someone or something); Malassombro (strange people or situations that cause certain fears and/or have bad energy); Mortt (state of mind in which anger is exacerbated; goat (irrita- tion because of a person, something or a situation); Papapum (revolver); Philips (undercover police car); Rotten (a bad thing, person or situation); Aunt Cleide (police truck); I'll grab her MUCO (I'll fall for it); and Yvone (fake female friend), among others. 6.0 Conclusion In selecting terms and categories to name, organize, and celebrate their identities, the LGBTQ communities of Cariri have taken the power to name; not as information intermediaries striving for objectivity and neutrality but as committed members of a marginalized but vital commu- nity. In the years of growing liberation and self- affirmation, the people represented in these documents wielded their power to define themselves; in so doing, they created a metaphorical system of great variety and diversity, which both broke through limitations of their specific time and place and, paradoxically, drew on that specific time and place to create a vocabulary, and a world view, that belongs uniquely to themselves. Considering this paper as an example of a termino- logical approach to domain analysis, as proposed by Hjør- land (2002), we conclude that the “power to name” goes beyond the power of the librarian to assign terms and also reaches the “power to self-name,” as LGBT termi- nology is polyhedrically constructed in a space/time di- mension that oscillates between self-protection and self- empowerment. References Bardin, Laurence. 1989. L'analyse de contenu. 5th ed. Le psychologue 69. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 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