Systematic & Applied Acarology 25(10): 1745–1753 (2020) https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.10.3 ISSN 1362-1971 (print) ISSN 2056-6069 (online) Article http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:681C90E3-FEF3-4ECB-87B4-C9DC2D0C41AB A new species of Clathrosperchonella Lundblad 1937 (Acariformes: Hydrachnidiae: Hydryphantoidea: Rhynchohydracaridae) from Brazil, with descriptions of the female, male and larva LUIZ A. S. DE CASTRO1,*, HEATHER C. PROCTOR2 & ANTONIO C. LOFEGO1 1Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil. E-mails: luiz.castro@unesp.br; ac.lofego@unesp.br 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada. E-mail: hproctor@ualberta.ca Corresponding author: luiz.castro@unesp.br Abstract We describe a new species of the genus Clathrosperchonella, C. olovi sp. nov. from Brazil, including complete information for female, male and larva. This brings the number of named species in the Rhynchohydracaridae to thirteen. In addition, we provide a key to named species of Clathrosperchonella. Key words: water mites, C. olovi, streams, morphology, taxonomy Introduction The water mite family Rhynchohydracaridae includes five genera and, up to now, twelve named species (Zhang et al. 2011). These mites inhabit lotic habitats such as the surface and interstitial waters of streams (Cook 1974; Smith et al. 2010), as well as springs. They are often found on algae, moss and root mats associated with rocks (Cook 1980). Ecological characteristics related to their larval hosts, prey during deutonymphal and adult stages, and mode of sperm transfer still remain unknown (Proctor et al. 2015). Regarding their distribution and taxonomy, rhynchohydracarids appear to be restricted to the New World and are currently arranged into three subfamilies (Walter et al. 2009): Clathrosperchontinae, distributed through North, Central and South America (Cook 1974, 1980); Rhynchohydracarinae, which is restricted to the Neotropical region (Di Sabatino et al., 2008) and Santiagocarinae, known only from Central America (Valdecasas 2001) (Table 1). Here we increase knowledge of Rhynchohydracaridae from Brazil and Neotropical region by describing a third species of Clathrosperchonella, including complete morphological descriptions of female, male and larva, plus a discussion about its distinctive morphological features and distribution. It is the first time that a rhynchohydracarid larva is described. We also provide a key to known Clathrosperchonella species. Material and methods Water mites were collected by the first author, removing mosses with a spatula from submerged rocks in a shallow, unnamed rainforest stream that flows in “Poço das Antas” in Cardoso Island State Park, Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil (Fig. 1A). Moss mats were transferred with water to plastic vials and taken to a laboratory at University of São Paulo, where mites were separated from the substrate 1745© Systematic & Applied Acarology Society https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2358-4873 under a stereomicroscope. Males were immediately preserved in GAW solution (Proctor et al.2015) whereas females were kept in small glass containers filled with water and kept in the laboratory at room temperature, between 20–25°C, for oviposition. A single female laid a small clutch of three eggs on the bottom of the plastic vial. Embryonic development in the laboratory took 20 days, in a temperature ranging between 20–25°C, from oviposition to hatching. After hatching, larvae were directly slide-mounted in PVA (BioQuip, CA, USA) and females were also preserved in GAW solution for subsequent dissection, slide-mounting in Hoyer’s medium and taxonomical study, using differential interference contrast microscopy. Adult idiosomal structures are named according to the terminology used in Lundblad (1927). Dorsal region: dgl—dorsoglandularia, lgl—lateroglandularia, pr—preocularia, po—postocularia. Ventral region: cxgl—coxoglandularia, vgl—ventroglandularia. Gnathosoma: P-1 to P-5—palp segments from proximal to distal. For larval idiosomal and leg setae, we employed the terminology used by Smith et al. (2010) and Proctor et al. (2015). Dorsal region: vi—internal vertical, si—internal scapular; ve—external vertical, se—external scapular; c1, c2, d1, d2, e1, e2—hysterosomal setae. Ventral region: 1a, 1b, 3a—coxal plate setae; ps1, ps2—setae associated with the excretory pore; f1, h1, h2, h3, h4—hysterosomal setae. Gnathosoma: P-1 to P-5—palp segments from proximal to distal; Hy1, Hy2—hypostomal setae. Legs: I, II or III—Leg-1 to 5 free leg segments from proximal to distal (trochanter, femur, genu, tibia and tarsus); (σ) for solenidion on each genu of leg I to III; (φ) for solenidion on each tibia of leg I to III; (ω) for solenidion on each tarsus of legs I to II; (“2”) for eupathidium on each tarsus of leg I to II; L—length; W—width; n—number of specimens measured. All measurements are given in μm. The holotype and paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Acari collection of Department of Zoology and Botany (DZSJRP), São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. Results Family Rhynchohydracaridae Lundblad, 1936 Genus Clathrosperchonella Lundblad, 1937 Clathrosperchonella olovi sp. nov. (Figs. 1B–F, 2–5) Type series. Holotype female (DZSJRP-06048), dissected and slide mounted in Hoyer's fluid, Brazil, São Paulo, Cananéia, State Park of Cardoso Island, 13/I/2012, 25º05’18”S 47º55’27”W, in submerged mosses. Paratypes, same data as holotype: one female (DZSJRP-06049), two males (DZSJRP-06050–06051) and three larvae (DZSJRP-06052–06054) obtained from holotype female; collector: Luiz A. S. de Castro. Description. Female. Dorsal. Colour in life yellowish-brown (Fig. 1B); integument bearing acutely pointed papillae on the margins of idiosoma (Fig. 1E); idiosoma partially covered by 16 dorsal and 5 ventral platelets that have radiating reticulations (Fig. 2A); po associated with a pair of elongated anteromedial platelets (Fig. 2A); dgl-2–4 and lgl-2 lying on irregular sclerites; opisthosoma with a horizontal sclerite, between dgl-5, with lateral pointed tips (Figs. 1C, 2A). Ventral. Coxal plates I and II fused medially; coxal plate II bearing a lateral rounded tip; coxal plate III shorter than IV; genital flaps bearing three distinct and clearly separated groups of 3, 5–6 and 6– 8 genital acetabula; cxgl-4, vgl-1, vgl-3 and a pair of simple setae (located between three stellate sclerites and the excretory plate) lying on irregular platelets (Fig. 2B); vgl-2 absent; legs without 1746 SYSTEMATIC & APPLIED ACAROLOGY VOL. 25 swimming hairs; claws bearing a secondary ventral tooth (Fig. 2F). Gnathosoma. Capitulum short and rounded, not protrusible, bearing two postero-medial tips, the superior one longer than the inferior (Fig. 2D); palp slender and bearing a single long ventro-distal seta on P-4 (Fig. 2C); number of setae on P-1–5: 0, 5, 4, 1, 3; chelicera with a dorso-medial hump (Fig. 2E). FIGURE 1. A, The new species was collected from this shallow stream in the Atlantic rainforest at Cardoso Island State Park, Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil; B, Clathrosperchonella olovi sp. nov., adult female, dorsal habitus; C, female, opisthosoma; D, male, opisthosoma; E, female, detail of opisthosoma, dorsal surface; F, male, detail of opisthosoma, ventral surface (arrows indicating acutely pointed papillae). Measurements, holotype (single paratype in parentheses). Idiosoma L 360 (358), W–285 (268); genital flap L 87–89, maximum W 35 (39); capitulum L 87 (85); rostrum L 50 (48); chelicera: basal segment L 86 (82), H 23 (21), chela L 33 (31); palp segments (P-1–5) L: 22 (21), 38 (34), 41 (40), 52 (55), 18 (21); leg segments L: I-Leg-1–6: 32 (30), 51 (50), 41 (42), 63 (64), 71 (69), 76 (74); II- Leg-1–6: 28 (32), 52 (57), 45 (47), 76 (77), 85 (86), 83 (80); III-Leg-1–6: 29 (31), 52 (50), 44 (42), 86 (85), 90 (91), 82 (83); IV-Leg-1–6: 42 (45), 60 (62), 58 (60), 137 (135), 102 (100), 80 (77). 17472020 CASTRO ET AL：DESCRIPTIONS OF ADULTS AND LARVA FOR CLATHROSPERCHONELLA TABLE 1. Subfamilies, genera and species of Rhynchohydracaridae. 1Habeeb, 1953; 2Lundblad, 1936; 3Lundblad, 1941; 4Lundblad, 1953; 5Lundblad, 1937b; 6Böttger, 1984; 7Cook, 1974; 8Cook, 1980; 9Rosso de Ferradás, 1984; 10Rosso de Ferradás, 2000; 11Fernández, 2003; 12Valdecasas, 2001; 13Viets & Böttger, 1986; 14Viets, 1977a; 15Viets, 1977b; 16Gruia, 1988; 17Lundblad, 1937a; 18Lundblad, 1938. Description. Male. Dorsal. Similar to female, except that the sclerite located between dgl-5 on the opisthosoma is shorter than that of the female and is trapezoidal in its shape (Figs. 1D, 3A). Ventral. Coxal plates III and IV fused and stouter than on female (Fig. 3B); genital flaps proportionally larger compared to female and also bearing three clearly separated and regular groups of 3, 4 and 8 genital acetabula. Gnathosoma. Capitulum and chelicera similar to female (Figs. 3D– E); palp slender, similar to female (Fig. 3C); number of setae on P-1–5: 0, 4, 4, 1, 3. Measurements, n=2. Idiosoma L 283–360, W 236–295; genital flap L 77–80, W 33–38; chelicera: basal segment L 88–91, H 14–16; chela L 27–30; palp segments (P-1–5) L: 19–20, 38–44, 32–37, 52–54, 18–20; leg segments L: I-Leg-1–6: 31–32, 52–54, 39–44, 58–64, 67–74, 66–71; II- Leg-1–6: 30–31, 54–58, 45–48, 72–74, 78–86, 77–83; III-Leg-1–6: 22–30, 42–52, 43–46, 84–85, 82–86, 76–81; IV-Leg-1–6: 35–40, 55–62, 56–58, 138–140, 93–104, 76–85. Description. Larva. Dorsal. Colour in life yellowish; idiosoma longer than wide, oval and slightly sclerotized; dorsum bears a great number of irregular platelets distributed along almost the whole extent of the idiosoma, from vi to d1 and between eye lenses; four pairs of propodosomal setae (vi, ve, se, vi), a pair of humeral setae (c3) and seven pairs of hysterosomal setae (c1, c2, d1, d2, e1, e2, f1); propodosomal and humeral setae thin and moderately long; hysterosomal setae thin, with variable length (c1, d1, e1, long; c2, d2, e2, short); anterior eye lenses located lateral to se; posterior eye lenses located anterolateral to si (Fig. 4A); there are a pair of lateral shields full of platelets that extend along almost the whole idiosoma. Ventral. Coxal coxal plates I–III enlarged, covering almost whole extent of the ventral surface of the idiosoma; coxal plate I longer than wide, with 1b long and 1a short; coxal plate II trapezoidal, without setae and bearing a pair of urstigmata protruding forward from its antero-lateral border; coxal plate III trapezoidal, with 3a thin and shorter than 1b and 1a; two pairs of hysterosomal setae, thin, short and aligned; f2 slightly longer than hysterosomal setae and located below them; h2 absent; excretory pore oval (Fig. 4D), lying free on the integument, with ps1 absent and ps2 very short (Fig. 4B); legs I and II with distal famulus and euphathidium on each tarsus; number of setae on legs I-III: I-Leg-1–5: 1, 6, 5 (σ), 9 (φ1, φ2), 9 (ω,”2”); II-Leg-1–5: 1, 6, 5 Subfamily, Genera Species Type locality Distribution Clathrosperchontinae Clathrosperchon americanus Habeeb, 1953 USA1 USA1 crassipalpis Lundblad, 1936 Brazil2 Brazil3 Colombia4 minor Lundblad, 1937 Brazil5 Brazil3 Colombia4 Guatemala6 Paraguay3 ornatus Cook, 1974 USA7 USA7 punctatus Cook, 1980 Argentina8 Argentina8,9,10,11 Costa Rica8 México8 Panamal2 Paraguay13 transversus Viets, 1977 Guatemala14 Guatemala6, 14, 15 Panama12 Venezuela16 Clathrosperchonella asterifera Lundblad, 1937 Brazil17 Brazil3 Paraguay3 olovi sp. nov. Brazil Brazil rutae Lundblad, 1938 Brazil18 Brazil3 Rhynchohydracarinae Rhynchohydracarus carmenae Valdecasas, 2001 Panama12 Panama12 dividuus Lundblad, 1941 Paraguay3 Paraguay3 testudo Lundblad, 1936 Brazil2 Brazil3 Santiagocarinae Gledhillia coibensis Valdecasas, 2001 Panama12 Panama12 Santiagocarus robustus Valdecasas, 2001 Panama12 Panama12 1748 SYSTEMATIC & APPLIED ACAROLOGY VOL. 25 (σ), 9 (φ1, φ2), 9 (ω,”2”); III-Leg-1–5: 1, 6, 5 (σ), 8 (φ1), 8. Gnathosoma. Capitulum rounded posteriorly (Fig. 4B); Hy1 very reduced, Hy2 absent; chelicera with basal segment smooth; chela with three distal denticles (Fig. 4C); palps stocky, extending beyond the distal end of the capitulum; P-4 bearing three short setae and a thin and long solenidion; palp tarsus with a claw (Fig. 4E); number of setae from P-1–P-5: 0, 1, 2, 4(φ), 0. Measurements, n=3. Idiosoma L 166–181, W 149–152; dorsal setae: ve L 17–18, vi L 16–19, se L 17–20, si L 13–16, distance between setae: se–se 42–45, si–si 44–47; ventral setae: ps1 absent, ps2 vestigial; excretory pore plate L 5–7, W 2–4; capitulum L 52–56; chelicera: basal segment L 40–45, chela L 8–10; palpal segments (P-1–5) L: 12–14, 22–23, 7–8, 5–6, 7–8; leg segments L: I-Leg-1–5: 24–29, 40–46, 30–33, 41–42,47–52; II-Leg-1–5: 20–22, 35–42, 30–32, 40–42, 46–51; III-Leg-1–5: 30–31, 42–45, 32–36, 44–48, 51–56. FIGURE 2. Clathrosperchonella olovi sp. nov., female. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, palp, lateral view; D, capitulum, lateral view; E, chelicera, lateral view; F, I-Leg-6. 17492020 CASTRO ET AL：DESCRIPTIONS OF ADULTS AND LARVA FOR CLATHROSPERCHONELLA FIGURE 3. Clathrosperchonella olovi sp. nov., male. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, palp, lateral view; D, capitulum, lateral view; E, chelicera. Etymology. Named after Olov Lundblad (1890–1970), in honour of his studies on Brazilian water mites and also to form a pair with Clathrosperchonella rutae Lundblad, named by him in remembrance of his wife, Rut. Remarks and differential diagnosis. This paper presents the first description of a Clathrosperchonella species based on female as holotype; Lundblad did not completely illustrate this sex in his descriptions of C. asterifera and C. rutae. Clathrosperchonella olovi sp. nov. is very similar to C. asterifera, except for the following features. Dorsally, both sexes of C. olovi bears both dgl-2–4 and lgl-2 lying on irregular sclerites, whereas in C. asterifera these structures are not present surrounding glandularia. Lundblad (1941) depicted the pair of dgl-5 in C. asterifera as linked by a semicircular platelet, while in C. olovi sp. nov. this structure is shorter and horizontal, differs slightly in shape between female and male, and is located between dgl-5 instead of linking them. Ventrally, C. olovi sp. nov. also bears cxgl-4, vgl-1 and vgl-3 on irregular sclerites. In this new species, differently from C. asterifera and C. rutae, a reticulated platelet is found in both sexes, below the excretory pore. However, it not can be assumed for certain that this structure is not present on the 1750 SYSTEMATIC & APPLIED ACAROLOGY VOL. 25 previously described species, as on figures of Lundblad (1941) the opisthosoma was drawn as if it were folded and, possibly, the platelet may have not been visible. Furthermore, acutely pointed integumental papillae are present both on the margins of idiosoma and on ventral surface of opisthosoma of C. olovi, whereas these structures were neither described nor illustrated by Lundblad for C. asterifera and C. rutae, casting a doubt as to whether they are present or not. With the finding of this new species, we can extend the known distribution of the genus Clathrosperchonella from the Chaco region of Paraguay and west of Santa Catarina State in Brazil to the coastal Atlantic rainforest of São Paulo State on southeast Brazil. Future expeditions to the original collecting sites of C. asterifera and C. rutae may allow us to collect more males, find females, obtain their larvae and describe their characters. FIGURE 4. Clathrosperchonella olovi sp. nov., larva. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, chelicera, lateral view; D, excretory pore; E, palp, ventral view. (Sol: solenidion). 17512020 CASTRO ET AL：DESCRIPTIONS OF ADULTS AND LARVA FOR CLATHROSPERCHONELLA Although the larva of C. olovi sp. nov. retains the plesiotypic complement of setae on the segments of the legs, as is found in all known Hydryphantoidea (Proctor et al. 2015), the number of movable leg segments is five, instead of six. After hatching, the larvae were observed in the laboratory swimming awkwardly below the water surface and thus can be considered aquatic rather than ‘aerial’ (active on the surface of the water), as is common among hydryphantoid larvae (Proctor et al. 2015). Moreover, the coxal plates are enlarged, covering almost the whole ventral surface; an unusual doubled urstigma is found between coxal plates I and II and the excretory plate is absent. These features are typical to more derived superfamilies. The occurrence of both plesiotypic and more derived characteristics in C. olovi sp. nov. likely reflects the paraphyletic nature of Hydryphantoidea (Dabert et al. 2016) and also suggests that the Rhynchohydracaridae may be more closely related to Neohydrachnidia than to other hydryphantoid families. Molecular phylogenetic analysis plus examination of more species of this family are needed in order to test this hypothesis. Distribution. Brazil, São Paulo State, Cananéia. Known only from the collection site. FIGURE 5. Clathrosperchonella olovi sp. nov., larva. A, I-Leg-1 to 5; B, II-Leg-1 to 5; C, III-Leg-1 to 5. Key to Clathrosperchonella species based on adults 1a. Dorsal and ventral plates with radiating reticulations; palp slender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1b. Dorsal and ventral plates without radiating reticulations; palp stout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. rutae 2a. Dgl-2–4, lgl-2, cxgl-4 and vgl-1,3 lying free on the integument; genital flaps bearing two distinct and clearly separated groups of genital acetabula; P-4 bearing two long ventro-distal setae . . . . . . . . . . . C. asterifera 2b. Dgl-2–4, lgl-2, cxgl-4 and vgl-1,3 lying on irregular sclerites; genital flaps bearing three distinct and clearly separated groups of genital acetabula; P-4 bearing a single long ventro-distal seta . . . . . . C. olovi sp. nov. 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