Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Oecologia Brasiliensis 13(4): 689-712, Dezembro 2009 doi:10.4257/oeco.2009.1304.12 EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL César Cestari1 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp). Av.24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, CEP 13506-900, Brazil. E-mail: cesar_cestari@yahoo.com.br ABSTRACT This study firstly reviewed the interspecific interaction records between birds and epiphyte plants in Brazil. Forty two documents, including articles, scientific notes, books and thesis, and 35 personal records and from collaborators were argued, totaling 112 species of birds that interacted with 97 species of epiphyte plants. Two articles treated the theme specifically and another 40 treated related subjects, such as: pollination of epiphytes, ecology and feeding behavior of birds. Studies were concentrated mainly in Atlantic Forest, in the southeastern Brazilian region. The epiphyte species more visited by birds was Aechmea nudicaulis (Bromeliaceae). The main visitor of epiphytes was Ramphodon naevius (Trochilidae). According to the number of authors’ citations an index of generality in bird-epiphyte interactions was created. As result the index inferred that the ovenbird Cichlocolaptes leucophrus and the bromeliad Nidularium procerum are less generalist and more specialist species in bird-epiphyte interactions. The totality of the papers showed a considerable number of bird species that use the epiphytes plants and its resources, including nectar, fruits, invertebrates, nest material, nesting place, water and bath. Considering the importance of epiphytes to supply a variety of resources for birds, these results highlighted the necessity of additional and specific studies about the theme in various Brazilian regions and biomes. Keywords: Atlantic Forest, avian community, bird-plant interaction, bromeliads, resources. RESUMO O USO DE PLANTAS EPÍFITAS POR AVES NO BRASIL. O presente estudo trata-se da primeira revisão sobre registros de interações interespecíficas entre aves e plantas epífitas no Brasil. Quarenta e dois documentos, incluindo artigos, notas científicas, livros, teses e 35 registros pessoais e de colaboradores foram levantados, totalizando 112 espécies de aves que interagiram com 97 espécies de plantas epífitas. Dois artigos se referiram sobre o tema especificamente, e outros 40 documentos trataram de assuntos relacionados, tais como polinização de epífitas, ecologia e forrageamento de aves. Os estudos foram realizados principalmente na Mata Atlântica da região sudeste do Brasil. A espécie de epífita mais visitada pelas aves foi Aechmea nudicaulis (Bromeliaceae). A principal espécie de ave visitante de plantas epífitas foi Ramphodon naevius (Trochilidae). Considerando o número de citações, foi criado um índice de generalização para interações entre espécies de aves e epífitas. Este índice inferiu que o furnariídeo Cichlocolaptes leucophrus e a bromélia Nidularium procerum são respectivamente as espécies menos generalistas e mais especialistas em interações interespecíficas aves-epífitas. A totalidade dos estudos mostrou um considerável número de espécies de aves que utilizam as plantas epífitas e seus recursos, incluindo néctar, frutos, invertebrados, material para ninho, local para nidificação, água e banho. Considerando a importância da variedade de recursos oferecidos pelas plantas epífitas, os resultados encontrados na presente revisão destacam a necessidade de estudos adicionais e específicos sobre o tema em várias regiões e biomas brasileiros. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica, comunidade de aves, interação ave-planta, bromélias, recursos. CESTARI, C. 690 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 INTRODUCTION Great part of studies involving bird and plant interactions emphasizes the consummation of non- epiphytes resources in tropical forests (Nadkarni & Matelson 1989). In Brazil, few studies approached the use of resources from epiphyte plants by birds and the causes for this scientific gap are not explained (Pizo 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). The epiphytes are not parasites, and they require only support and suitable micro-habitats on host plants (phorophytes) to develop (Nadkarni & Matelson 1989). They are concentrated in the medium and high strata of tropical forests, encompassing up to 30% of total biomass of vascular plants (Benzing 1990). According to Richards (1996), the epiphyte plants are structurally and physiologically adapted to different conditions of micro-habitats. Notwithstanding, they contribute expressively to the high diversity and complexity of habitat structure. Birds are also diverse and explore a great quantity of micro-habitats in tropical environments so that ecological specializations between birds and epiphytes may exist (see Remsen Jr. 1985, Nadkarni & Matelson 1989, Sillett 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). Birds explore flowers, nectar, fruits, seeds, accumulated water, nest materials and nest places from epiphytes (Nadkarni & Matelson 1989, Pizo 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). The leaves and roots from epiphytes may shelter bird´s preys. Likewise, the rosette leaves from some bromeliads store water, dead leaves and organic material that favor the presence of invertebrates and small vertebrates (Picado 1911, Laessle 1961). In the course of colonization, the organic material and moistness of barks and forks favor initially cryptic epiphytes (such as mosses) that create micro-habitat for larger and vascular epiphytes, larvae and adults of arthropods, and other invertebrates (Lyford 1969, Nadkarni & Longino 1988). The epiphytes apparently offer smaller biomass and volume of resources than their phorophytes. Although, the importance of epiphytes for birds may be lodged in the periods of scarcity non-epiphyte resources in the forest as well as in the extra-resources offered by epiphytes for birds along the year (Nadkarni 1994). Epiphytes are faced as a new source of resources for birds in the tropics (Nadkarni & Matelson 1989, Sillett 1994), beside larger insects, army ants, bamboo clumps and suspended dead leaves (Remsen Jr. & Parker III 1984). Despite this, the scarcity of data involving registrations of bird-epiphyte interactions might be related with the need of considerable efforts on the field due the frequent obstruction of observer’s vision in dense tropical forests. Actually, the number of Brazilian bird species that use epiphyte plants are unknown. In several times, the access to the highest RESUMEN EL USO DE PLANTAS EPÍFITAS POR AVES EN BRASIL. El presente estudio es la primera revisión de registros de interacciones interespecíficas entre aves y plantas epífitas en Brasil. Cuarenta y dos documentos, incluyendo artículos, notas científicas, libros, tesis y 35 registros personales y de colaboradores fueron levantados, totalizando 112 especies de aves que interactúan con 97 especies de plantas epífitas. Dos artículos se refieren al tema específicamente, y otros 40 documentos tratan de asuntos relacionados, tales como polinización de epífitas, ecología y forrajeo de aves. Los estudios fueron realizados principalmente en el Bosque Atlántico de la región sudeste de Brasil. La especie de epífita más visitada por las aves fue Aechmea nudicaulis (Bromeliaceae). La principal especie de ave visitante de plantas epífitas fue Ramphodon naevius (Trochilidae). Considerando el número de citas, fue creado un índice de generalización para interacciones entre especies de aves y epífitas. Este índice infirió que el furnarídeo Cichlocolaptes leucophrus y la bromelia Nidularium procerum son respectivamente las especies menos generalistas y más especialistas en interacciones interespecíficas aves-epífitas. La totalidad de los estudios mostró un número considerable de especies de aves que utilizan plantas epífitas y sus recursos, incluyendo néctar, frutos, invertebrados, material para la construcción de nidos, lugares para anidamiento, agua y baño. Considerando la importancia de la variedad de recursos ofrecidos por las plantas epífitas, los resultados encontrados en la presente revisión destacan la necesidad de estudios adicionales y específicos sobre el tema en varias regiones y biomas brasileños. Palabras-clave: Bosque Atlántico, comunidades de aves, interacción ave-planta, bromelias, recursos. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 691 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 forest stratum is not primordial due to the amount of epiphytes in low and medium strata of some Brazilian forests, such as the Atlantic Forest (Pizo 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). This study revised the use of epiphyte plants by birds in Brazilian territory. Papers, thesis, personal field observations and data from collaborators were used to quantify the interactions between bird and epiphytes species, as well as epiphyte resources most used by birds in the Brazilian biomes. In that way, some primordial questions about the theme were argued, such as: (1) Is there any Brazilian biome where the major number of bird-epiphyte interactions occur? (2) Which are the more visited epiphyte group and the main bird family of visitors?,(3) Which are the main explored resources?, (4) How are the degree of specialization or generality in bird-epiphyte interactions? MATERIAL AND METHODS The bibliographic revision contained the following keywords: bird, ave, birds, aves, Brazil, Brasil, epiphyte, epífita, epiphytes and epífitas. Additional keywords such as: pollination, polinização, hummingbirds, and beija-flores were included due the highest number of papers related with pollination of epiphytes (mainly bromeliads) found in the first trial. The search involved national (Brazilian) and international papers in Ornithology, Ecology, Biology, Botany and Zoology from 1900 to 2009 years. It premised papers with field studies conducted in Brazilian territory. In occasions that two papers referred to the same field data, the older or more complete paper in terms of number of species was chose. Thesis, personal field records about interactions between birds and epiphytes, and records from collaborators were also included in this revision. Only one record per bird-epiphyte species interaction was considered in each of the studies. For instance, if one study cited three interactions between the same bird and epiphyte species, it was considered as one record of interaction. Thus, an index of generality on interactions between bird and epiphyte was created for species with five or more interactions records, following the formula: IG = (NT/NR)*NT IG represents the degree of interaction’s generality of a species. NT is the total number of taxons (groups, genus and species) that a species A (of bird or epiphyte) interacted; NR is the total number of interaction records of the species A. The IG value will be greater in the case of a species A (of bird or plant) that interacts with a high number of other species as fewer times it does. For instance, if the bird species A interacted with 30 species of epiphytes in a total of 33 records, the IGA value is 27.7. This value is lesser than another bird B that interact with 30 species of epiphytes in the minimum of 30 records (IGB = 30), indicating that species A is less generalist and more specialist than species B because the first interacted more than once with any epiphyte species Based on the classification scheme proposed by Benzing (1990), the present study considered only holo-epiphytes, accidental epiphytes, facultative epiphytes, and non-arboreal hemi-epiphytes. In the three first categories, epiphytes have no root contact with the soil in entire life cycle. Differently, the hemi- epiphytes species have root contact with the ground in some phase of life cycle. The arboreal hemi-epiphytes (ex., Fícus spp., Coussapa microcarpa) were not considered due its similar ecological function than non-epiphytes plants in terms of vegetation structure and demand of resources for birds. The nomenclature of epiphytes was based on World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2009) and Tropicos.org (2009). The nomenclature of bird species was based on Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee (2008). Some papers and collaborator’s records between birds and epiphytes have no species identification, but only genus or groups (the latter in the case of plants). Some authors did not cite the Brazilian biome where the interactions were registered too. RESULTS Only two papers aimed specifically the use of epiphyte plants by birds (Pizo 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). Another 40 studies (including papers and thesis) presented themes about pollination and floral biology of epiphyte species (Ruschi 1949, Snow & Teixeira 1982, Sazima et al. 1993, Sazima et al. 1995, Van Sluys & Stotz 1995, Araújo 1996, Sazima et al. 1996, Siqueira-Filho 1998, Sazima & Sazima CESTARI, C. 692 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 1999, Alves et al. 2000, Buzato et al. 2000, Varassin & Sazima 2000, Siqueira-Filho & Machado 2001, Freitas e Lopes 2002, Nara & Webber 2002, Varassin 2002, Canela & Sazima 2003, Araújo et al. 2004, Kaehler et al. 2005, Lenzi et al. 2006, Machado & Semir 2006, Rocca-de-Andrade 2006, Piacentini & Varassin 2007), diet of birds, feeding and nesting behavior of birds in epiphyte species (Voss & Sander 1981, Snow & Snow 1986, Pizo et al. 1995, Sick 1997, Hofling & Camargo 1999, Mallett-Rodrigues 2001, Pizo et al. 2002, Lima et al. 2003, Develey & Endrigo 2004, Parrini & Pacheco 2006, Sigrist 2006, Carrano 2007, Parrini & Pacheco 2007, Guaraldo 2009, Parrini et al. 2009, Parrini & Pacheco 2009, Sazima 2009). Personal records were seven and collaborators contributed with 28 records. The majority of the studies, including personal records and records from collaborators, were conducted on southeast region of the Atlantic Forest (n = 47; 62%). Also, records of bird species (n = 87; 77%) and epiphytes species (n = 85; 87%) were higher in this region (Figure 1). According to author’s recordings, one hundred and twelve species of birds interacted with 97 species of epiphytes (Table I). Occasionally, some studies (Ruschi 1949, Pizo 1994, Pizo et al. 1995, Sick 1997, Mallett-Rodrigues 2001, Varassin 2002, Develey & Endrigo 2004, Lenzi et al. 2006, Parrini & Pacheco 2006, Sigrist 2006, Carrano 2007, Parrini & Pacheco 2007, Cestari & Pizo 2008, Parrini et al. 2009, Sazima 2009) and collaborators (A. Christianini, A. C. Guaraldo, A. Pretty, A. R. Mellina, C. O. A. Gussoni, E. L. Rodrigues, F. Respirar, J. C. T. Menezes, L. F. Perello, M. Salgado, M. A. Pizo) cited only epiphyte groups (ex., Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae, Araceae, Gesneriaceae, Pteridophyta, Cactaceae, Loranthaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Rubiaceae and Bryophyta) and epiphyte or bird genus. Figure 1. Percentage of documents and number of bird species and epiphyte species recorded in the Brazilian biomes and regions. The white bar represents the number of bird species and the black bar represents the number of epiphyte species. Figura 1. Porcentagens de estudos e número de espécies de aves e epífitas registrados em biomas e regiões brasileiras. A barra branca representa o número de espécies de aves e a barra preta representa o número de espécies de plantas epífitas. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 693 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Ta bl e I. A ut ho rs a nd re fe re nc es th at c ite d bi rd v is ito rs o n ep ip hy te p la nt s in B ra zi l. Th e ep ip hy te p la nt s pe ci es in p ar en th es is a re th e ac tu al a cc ep te d na m es a cc or di ng to th e W or ld C he ck lis t o f S el ec te d Pl an t F am ili es a nd Tr op ic os .o rg (2 00 9) . T he h ab its o f t he p la nt s w er e cl as si fie d ac co rd in g to B en zi ng (1 99 0) a nd w er e tra ns cr ib ed fo llo w in g to th e cu rr en t r ec or d of th e au th or s. Th e as te ris k (* ) a bo ve th e au th or s´ re fe re nc es re fe rs to p er so na l ob se rv at io n or o bs er va tio ns o f c ol la bo ra to r a ut ho rs . Th e nu m be rs a bo ve o f t he b ird sp ec ie s r ef er to th e co rr es po nd in g au th or re fe re nc es th at re co rd ed b ird -e pi ph yt e in te ra ct io ns , f ol lo w ed b y nu m be r o f c ita tio ns a nd e xp lo ite d re so ur ce in p ar en th es is . G ro up s o f e pi ph yt es : A ra c = A ra ce ae , B ro m = B ro m el ia ce ae , B ry o = B ry op hy ta , C ac t = C ac ta ce ae , G es n = G es ne ria ce ae , L or a = Lo ra nt ha ce ae , M ar c = M ar cg ra vi ac ea e, P te r = P te ry do ph yt a, R ub i = R ub ia ce ae . R es ou rc es : b at = b at h, fl o = flo w er , i nv = in ve rte br at es , m at = m at er ia l t o bu ild n es t, ne c = ne ct ar , n es = n es tin g, n or = n on re so ur ce (i ns pe ct in g) , s ee = se ed , w at = w at er . Ta be la 1 . A ut or es e re fe rê nc ia s q ue c ita ra m a ve s v is ita nt es d e pl an ta s e pí fit as n o Br as il. A s e sp éc ie s d e pl an ta s e pí fit as e nt re p ar ên te se s s ão o s n om es c ie nt ífi co s a tu al m en te a ce ito s d e ac or do c om W or ld C he ck lis t o f S el ec te d Pl an t F am ili es e T ro pi co s.o rg (2 00 9) . O s há bi to s da s pl an ta s fo ra m c la ss ifi ca do s de a co rd o co m B en zi ng (1 99 0) e fo ra m tr an sc ri to s se gu in do o s re gi st ro s do s au to re s. O a st er is co (* ) a ci m a da s re fe rê nc ia s re fe re -s e a ob se rv aç õe s pe ss oa is o u ob se rv aç õe s de a ut or es c ol ab or ad or es . O s nú m er os a ci m a da s es pé ci es d e av es re fe re m -s e às re fe rê nc ia s do s au to re s qu e re gi st ra ra m in te ra çõ es a ve s- ep ífi ta s, se gu id as p el o nú m er o de c ita çõ es e re cu rs os e xp lo ra do s en tre p ar ên te se s. G ru po d e ep ífi ta s: A ra c = A ra ce ae , B ro m = B ro m el ia ce ae , B ry o = B ry op hy ta , C ac t = C ac ta ce ae , G es n = G es ne ri ac ea e, L or a = L or an th ac ea e, M ar c = M ar cg ra vi ac ea e, P te r = Pt er yd op hy ta , R ub i = R ub ia ce ae . R ec ur so s: b at = b an ho , fl o = fl or , i nv = in ve rt eb ra do s, m at = m at er ia l p ar a co ns tr uç ão d e ni nh o, n ec = n éc ta r, ne s = n id ifi ca çã o, n or = s em re cu rs o ( s om en te in sp ec io na nd o) , s ee = se m en te , w at = á gu a. Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Ac an th os ta ch ys st ro bi la ce a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Sa zi m a & S az im a (1 99 9) A tla nt ic F or es t 4 Am az ili a la ct ea (1 , n ec ), C hl or os til bo n lu ci du s ( 1, n ec ), C oe re ba fla ve ol a (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s p re tre i ( 1, n ec ) Ae ch m ea sp p. B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e Si gr is t ( 20 06 ) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Lo ph or ni s c ha ly be us (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea a ra ne os a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia gl au co pi s ( 1, n ec ) Ae ch m ea b ee ri an a (A ec hm ea v al le ra nd i) B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e N ar a & W eb er (2 00 2) A m az on ia n 6 C am py lo pt er us la rg ip en ni s ( 1, n ec ), Fl or is ug a m el liv or a (1 , ne c) , G la uc is h ir su tu s ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s b ou rc ie ri (1 , n ec ), P. su pe rc ili os us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia fu rc at a (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea br om el iif ol ia B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Sa zi m a & S az im a (1 99 9) 1 ; Va ra ss in (2 00 2) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 8 Am az ili a la ct ea 1 ( 1, n ec ), C hl or os til bo n lu ci du s1 ( 1, n ec ), C oe re ba fla ve ol a1 ( 1, n ec ), G la uc is h ir su tu s2 ( 1, n ec ), P ha et ho rn is e ur yn om e2 (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us 2 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 2 ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 2 ( 1, n ec ) Ae ch m ea c oe le st is B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea d is tic ha nt ha B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e A ra új o (1 99 6) 1 ; Sa zi m a & Sa zi m a (1 99 9) 2 ; B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 3 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 4 A tla nt ic F or es t 9 Am az ili a fim br ia ta 1, 2 ( 2, n ec ), C oe re ba fl av eo la 2 ( 1, n ec ), H yl oc ha ri s cy an us 4 ( 1, n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 3 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s eu ry no m e3 ( 1, n ec ), P. ru be r1 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 3, 4 ( 3, ne c) , S te ph an ox is la la nd i3 ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1, 2, 4 (3 , n ec ) CESTARI, C. 694 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Ae ch m ea fu lg en s B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Fr ei ta s e L op es (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s r ub er (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea g ra ci lis B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te A lv es e t a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea li nd en ii B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Le nz i e t a l. 20 06 A tla nt ic F or es t 6 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), C hi ro xi ph ia sp . ( 1, fr u) , T ac hy ph on us co ro na tu s ( 1, fr u) , T an ga ra sp . ( 1, fr u) , T ha lu ra ni a gl au co pi s ( 1, ne c) , T ha lu ra ni a sp . ( 1, n ec ) Ae ch m ea li ng ul at a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B re ie r, T. * A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ta ng ar a se le do n (1 , w at ) Ae ch m ea m ur ic at a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Fr ei ta s e L op es (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 G la uc is h ir su tu s ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s r ub er (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea m ut ic a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia gl au co pi s ( 1, n ec ) Ae ch m ea n ud ic au lis B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Pi zo (1 99 4) 1 ; A ra új o (1 99 6) 2 ; B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 3 ; Va ra ss in (2 00 2) 4 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 5 ; M ac ha do & Se m ir (2 00 6) 6 ; R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 7 ; Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) 8 A tla nt ic F or es t 15 Am az ili a br ev iro st ri s2, 7 ( 1, n ec ), A. fi m br ia ta 2 ( 1, n ec ), A . v er si co lo r8 (1 , n ec ), An th ra co th or ax n ug ri co lli s2 ( 1, n ec ), C ly to la em a ru br ic au da 3 ( 1, n ec ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a2 ( 1, n ec ), H yl oc ha ry s c ya nu s2, 3 (2 , n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 3 ( 1, n ec ), Lo ph or ni s c ha ly be a8 ( 1, ne c) , F lo ri su ga fu sc a8 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e3, 4 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 3, 7, 8 ( 3, n ec ), St ep ha no xi s l al an di 3 ( 1, n ec ), Ta ng ar a se le do n1 ( 1, fr u) , T ha lu ra ni a gl au co pi s2, 3, 6, 7, 8 (5 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea o rg an or si s B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 1 ; M ac ha do & S em ir (2 00 6) 2 ; Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) 3 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 C ly to la em a ru br ic au da 2 ( 1, n ec ), H yl oc ha ry s c ya nu s1 ( 1, n ec ) , Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 3 (2 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1, 2 , 3 (3 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea o rn at a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Pi zo e t a t. (1 99 5) 1 ; M ac ha do & S em ir (2 00 6) 2 ; Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) 3 A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e2 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec )3 , Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 2, 3 (2 , n ec ), Tr ic la ri a m al ac hi ta ce a1 ( 1, fl o) , C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 695 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Ae ch m ea p ec tin at a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e Sn ow & S no w (1 98 6) 1 ; A ra új o (1 99 6) 2 ; B uz at o et a l (2 00 0) 3 ; C an el a & S az im a (2 00 3) 4 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 5 ; Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) 6 A tla nt ic F or es t 6 Am az ili a fim br ia ta 2, 4 (2 , n ec ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a4 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s eu ry no m e1 ( 1, n ec ), P . r ub er 4 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 3, 4 , 5 (4 , ne c) , T ha lu ra ni a gl au co pi s2, 4 , 5 , 6 (4 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea p in el ia na B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t Ap ha nt oc hr oa c ir rh oc hl or is (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea to rm en to sa B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Fr ei ta s e L op es (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), G la uc is h ir su tu s ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s ru be r ( 1, n ec ) Ae ch m ea tr ia ng ul ar is B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) Ae ch m ea v ic to ri an a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia gl au co pi s ( 1, n ec ) An an as b ra ct ea tu s B ro m Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) An th ur iu m sc an de ns A ra c H ol o- ep ip hy te B re ie r, T. * A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ta ng ar a se le do n (1 , f ru ) A ra ce ae A ra c C es ta ri & P iz o (2 00 8) A tla nt ic F or es t 10 Au to m ol us le uc op ht ha lm us (1 , n or ), Ba si le ut er us c ul ic iv or ou s (1 , n or ), D ry m op hi la sq ua m m at a (1 , n or ), D ys ith am nu s m en ta lis (1 , n or ), Eu ph on ia p ec to ra lis (1 , f ru ), H ab ia ru bi ca (1 , n or ), M yr m ot he ru la m in or (1 , i nv ), Xy ph or hy nc us fu sc us (1 , n or ), Ph yl id or a tr ic ap ill us (1 , n or ), M yi ob iu s b ar ba tu s ( 1, n or ) Bi llb er gi a sp . B ro m Si ck (1 99 7) N o in fo rm at io n 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) Bi llb er gi a am oe na B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Va ra ss in (2 00 2) 1 ; M ac ha do & Se m ir (2 00 6) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e1, 2 (2 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us 1 ( 1, n ec ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. CESTARI, C. 696 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Bi llb er gi a di st ac hi a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) Bi llb er gi a py ra m id al is B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , Fa cu lta tiv e Sa zi m a et a l. (1 99 5) 1 ; A ra új o (1 99 6) 2 ; B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 3 A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 2 , 3 (3 , n ec ) B ro m el ia ce ae B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e R us ch i ( 19 49 )1 ; Pi zo (1 99 4) 2 ; Si ck (1 99 7) 3 ; M al le t-R od rig ue s ( 20 01 )4 ; D ev el ey & E nd rig o (2 00 4) 5 ; Pa rr in i & P ac he co (2 00 6) 6 ; Si gr is t ( 20 06 )7 ; P ar rin i & Pa ch ec o (2 00 7) 8 ; C es ta ri & P iz o (2 00 8) 9 ; Pa rr in i & Pa ch ec o (2 00 9) 10 ; P ar rin i e t al . ( 20 09 )11 ; M en ez es , J . C . T. *12 ; R es pi ra r, F. *13 ; P re tty , A .* 14 ; R od rig ue s, E. L . * 15 ; G us so ni , C . O . A .* 16 ; C es ta ri, C .* 17 ; S al ga do , M .* 18 ; M ol lin a, A . R .* 19 A tla nt ic F or es t, U rb an A re a, C er ra do 60 Am az ili a br ev iro st ri s1 ( 1, n ec ), An ab ac er th ia a m au ro tis 6 ( 1, n or ), Au to m ol us le uc op ht ha lm us 9, 1 7 ( 2, n or ), Ba si le ut er us c ul ic iv or ou s9 (1 , n or ), Ba ta ra c in er ea 2 ( 1, n or ), Br ot og er is ti ri ca 2 ( 1, fr u) , C ac ic us h ae m or rh ou s2, 9 (1 , n or ), C al lip hl ox a m es th ys tin a1 ( 1, ne c) , C an to rc hi lu s l on gi ro st is 9 ( 1, in v) , C el eu s fl av es ce ns 9 ( 1, no r) , C hl or os til bo n no ta tu s1 ( 1, n ec ), C ic hl oc ol ap te s l eu co ph ry s2, 3, 5 , 7 , 9 (5 , i nv , n or ), C ly to la em a ru br ic au da 1 ( 1, n ec ), C on op ia s tr iv irg at us 2 ( 1, n es ), C ra ni ol eu ca p al lid a10 (1 , n or ), C ya no co ra x ca er ul eu s17 (1 , n or ), D en dr oc ol ap te s p la ty ro st ri s2 ( 1, in v) , D ys ith am nu s m en ta lis 2 ( 1, w at ), D . s tic to th or ax 2, 9 (2 , w at , n or ), E. p ec to ra lis 2, 9 (2 , n ec ), G la uc is d or hn ii1, 3 (2 , n ec ), G . h ir su tu s1, 7 (2 , n ec ), H el io bl et us c on ta m in at us 11 , 1 7 ( 2, n or , i nv ), H em ith ra up is ru fic ap ill a2 ( 1, in v) , H em itr ic cu s m ar ga ri ta ce iv en te r13 (1 , m at ), Le pi do co la pt es sq ua m at us 8 ( 1, in v) , L ep to po go n am au ro ce ph al us 2 (1 , i nv ), M yi op ag is c an ic ep s15 (1 , n es ), O rt ho go ny s c hl or ic te ru s2, 7 (2 , i nv ), P ac hy ra m ph us ru fu s2 ( 1, m at ), Pe ne lo pe o bs cu ra 18 (1 , w at ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e1, 2 (2 , n ec ), P. id al ia e1 ( 1, n ec ), P. ru be r1, 9 (2 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us 1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Ph yl id or a tr ic ap ill us 4, 9 (2 , n or ), P. ru fu m 2 ( 1, in v) , P ic ul us fl av ig ul a9 ( 1, n or ), P ita ng us su lp hu ra tu s19 (1 , n es ), Po ly tm us g ua in um bi 1, (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph as to s v ite lli nu s14 (1 , w at ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 9 (2 , n ec ), Sa lta to r s im ili s2 ( 1, in v) , Si tta so m us g ri se ic ap ill us (1 , n or ), S yn al la xi s r ufi ca pi lla 2 ( 1, w at ), Sy nd ac til a ru fo su pe rc ili at a2 ( 1, in v) , Ta ch yp ho nu s c or on at us 2 ( 1, in v) , T . c ri st at us 9 (1 , b at ), Ta ng ar a cy an oc ep ha la 2 ( 1, w at , n es ), T. se le do n2, 3 , 9 , 1 2, 1 6 ( 3, b at , m at , n es , n or ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1, 2 , 9 (3 , n ec ), Th ra up is c ya no pt er a2 ( 1, n es ), T. o rn at a2 ( 1, n es ), Tr og on vi ri di s15 (1 , n es ), Tu rd us fl av ip es 9 ( 1, w at ), T. ru fiv en tr is 15 (1 , n es ), T. su ba la ri s15 (1 , n es ), Xi ph oc ol ap te s a lb ic ol lis 2, 9 (1 , n or ; 2 , i nv ), Xi ph or hy nc us fu sc us 9 ( 2, in v, n or ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 697 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) B ry op hy ta B ry o Pa rr in i & P ac he co (2 00 6) 1 ; Pa rr in i & P ac he co ( 20 07 )2 ; Pa rr in i & P ac he co (2 00 9) 3 ; Pa rr in i e t a l. (2 00 9) 4 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 An ab ac er th ia a m au ro tis 1 ( 1, in v) , C ra ni ol eu ca p al lid a3 ( 1, n or ), Le pi do co la pt es sq ua m at us 2 ( 1, in v) , H el io bl et us c on ta m in at us 4 ( 1, in v) . C an is tro ps is bi llb er gi oi de s B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) C an is tro ps is se id el ii B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) C an is tr um au ra nt ia cu m B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Si qu ei ra -F ilh o & M ac ha do (2 00 1) A tla nt ic F or es t 7 C hl or os til bo n lu ci du s ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia w at er to ni i ( 1, n ec ), G la uc is h ir su tu s ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s p re tre i ( 1, n ec ), P. ru be r ( 1, ne c) , P ip ra ru br oc ap ill a (1 , f ru ), Ta ng ar a fa st uo sa (1 , f ru ) C an is tr um cy at hi fo rm e B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Sa zi m a et a l ( 19 96 ) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis (1 , n ec ) C an is tr um g ig an te um B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Sn ow & S no w (1 98 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) C an is tr um te rm in al is B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) C an is tr um tr ia ng ul ar e B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ap ha nt oc hr oa c ir rh oc hl or is (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) Ed m un do a am bí gu a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) Ed m un do a lin de ni i B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) El le an th us br as ili en si s O rc h H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) G es ne ria ce ae G es n H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e C es ta ri & P iz o (2 00 8) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Eu ph on ia v io la ce a (1 , n or ) H ill ia il lu st ri s R ub i H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) H oh en be rg ia ri dl ey i B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Si qu ei ra -F ilh o (1 99 8) A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), A. le uc og as te r ( 1, n ec ), C hl or os til bo n lu ci du s ( 1, n ec ), Eu pe to ne m a m ac ro ur a (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s r ub er (1 , n ec ) Le pi sm iu m sp . C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te G ua ra ld o, A . C .* U rb an Á re a 1 Eu ph on ia c ha ly be a (1 , f ru ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. CESTARI, C. 698 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) M ar cg ra vi a po ly an th a M ar c H em i-e pi ph yt e R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) M on st er a ad an so ni i A ra c H em i-e pi ph yt e G ua ra ld o, A . C .* A tla nt ic F or es t 2 H ab ia ru bi ca (1 , f ru ), O rt ho go ny s c hl or ic te ru s ( 1, fr u) N em at an th us flu m in or si s G es n H ol o- ep ip hy te Sa zi m a et a l. (1 99 5) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ph ae th or ni s r ub er (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) N em at an th us fr its ch ii G es n H ol o- ep ip hy te Sa zi m a et a l. (1 99 5) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) N em at an th us gr eg ar iu s G es n H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Am az ili a ve rs ic ol or (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) N em at an th us st ri at us G es n H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 4 Fl or is ug a fu sc a (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ), N eo re ge lia sp . B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e Si ck (1 99 7) 1 ; Va ra ss in (2 00 2) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us 2 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1 ( 1, n ec ), Ta ch yp ho nu s c or on at us 1 ( 1, fr u) N eo re ge lia jo ha nn is B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) N eo re ge lia m ag da le na e B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia gl au co pi s ( 1, n ec ), N id ul ar iu m sp . B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e Si ck (1 99 7) 1 ; G ua ra ld o, A . C *2 A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ta ch yp ho nu s c or on at us 1 ( 1, fr u) , T an ga ra p er uv ia na 2 (1 , w at ) N id ul ar iu m an gu st ib ra ct ea tu m B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) N id ul ar iu m c am po - al eg re ns e B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e K ae hl er e t a l. (2 00 5) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) N id ul ar iu m ca ri ac ic ae ns e B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on na ev iu s ( 1, n ec ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 699 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) N id ul ar iu m in no ce nt ii B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e Sn ow & S no w (1 98 6) 1 ; A ra új o (1 99 6) 2 ; B uz at o et al . ( 20 00 )3 ; M ac ha do & Se m ir (2 00 6) 4 ; Pi ac en tin i & Va ra ss in (2 00 7) 5 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 C ly to la em a ru br ic au da 1 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e4 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 3 , 5 (3 , n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 1 ( 1, n ec ) N id ul ar iu m kr is gr ee ni ae (N id ul ar iu m am az on ic um ) B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ), N id ul ar iu m m ar ig oi B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) N id ul ar iu m p ro ce ru m B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e A ra új o (1 99 6) 1 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 2 ; B uz at o et al . ( 20 00 )3 ; Pi ac en tin i & Va ra ss in (2 00 7) 4 ; Va ra ss in (2 00 2) 5 A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e5 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 (5 , n ec ) N id ul ar iu m ru be ns B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e M ac ha do & S em ir (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) N id ul ar iu m se id el li B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te A ra új o (1 99 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ra m ph od n na ev iu s ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) O rc hi da ce ae O rc h H ol o- ep ip hy te C es ta ri & P iz o (2 00 8) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 M yi ob iu s b ar ba tu s ( 1, n or ) Ph ilo de nd ro n sp . A ra c H em i-e pi ph yt e Pa rr in i & P ac he co (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 An ab ac er th ia a m au ro tis (1 , n or ) Po rt ea le pt an th a (A ec hm ea le pt an th a) B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Fr ei ta s e L op es (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s r ub er (1 , n ec ) Po rt ea p et ro po lit an a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Fr ei ta s e L op es (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 C ly to la em a ru br ic au da (1 , n ec ) Ps itt ac an th us di ch ro us Lo ra H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Eu ph on ia p ec to ra lis (1 , n ec ), O rt ho go ny s c hl or ic te ru s ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) Pt er id op hy ta Pt er H ol o- ep ip hy te C es ta ri & P iz o (2 00 8) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 D ry m op hi la sq ua m at a (1 , n or ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. CESTARI, C. 700 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Q ue sn el ia a rv en si s B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 3 H yl oc ha ri s c ya nu s1 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1, 2 (2 , n ec ) Q ue sn el ia h um ili s B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 2 (2 , n ec ) Q ue sn el ia m ar m or at a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 , Sa zi m a et a l. (1 99 5) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 3 H yl oc ha ry s c ya nu s1 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1 (1 , n ec ) Q ue sn el ia st ro bi lis pi ca B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia gl au co pi s ( 1, n ec ) Q ue sn el ia te st ud o B ro m A cc id en ta l h ol o- ep ip hy te Sn ow & T ei xe ira (1 98 2) 1 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 1 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn m e 1 (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 2 (1 , n ec ) Rh ip sa lis sp . C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te Pi zo e t a l. (1 99 5) 1 ; C ar ra no (2 00 7) 2 ; Si gr is t ( 20 06 )3 , R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 4 ; Pe re llo , L . F .* 5 ; Pi zo , M . A .* 6 A tla nt ic F or es t, Pa m pa s 14 Br ot og er is ti ri ca 1 ( 1, fr u) , C hl or op ha ne s s pi za 2 ( 1, fr u) , C oe re ba fla ve ol a5 ( 1, fr u) , D ac ni s c ay an a2 ( 1, fr u) , E up ho ni a ch al yb ea 2 (1 , f ru ), Eu ph on ia p ec to ra lis 2, 6 (2 , f ru ), Eu ph on ia v io la ce a2 ( 1, fr u) , F or pu s x an th op te ry gi us 1 ( 1, fr u) , H em ith ra up is g ui ra 2 ( 1, fr u) , H em ith ra up is ru fic ap ill a2 ( 1, fr u) , P yr rh ur a fro nt al is 1 ( 1, fr u) , T ac hy ph on us c ri st at us 2 ( 1, fr u) , T an ga ra se le do n2 ( 1, fr u) , Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 4 ( 1, n ec ) Rh ip sa lis b ac ci fe ra C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te G ua ra ld o (2 00 9) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Eu ph on ia p ec to ra lis (1 , f ru ), Ta ng ar a se le do n (1 , f ru ), Zo no tr ic hi a ca pe ns is (1 , f ru ) Rh ip sa lis m yo su ru s (L ep is m iu m cr uc ifo rm e) C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te Vo ss & S an de rs (1 98 1) N o in fo rm at io n 4 Eu ph on ia c ha ly be a (1 , f ru ), Eu ph on ia c hl or ot ic a (1 , f ru ), Eu ph on ia cy an oc ep ha la (1 , f ru ), Eu ph on ia p ec to ra lis (1 , f ru ) Rh ip sa lis p ac hy pt er a C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te G ua ra ld o (2 00 9) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Eu ph on ia p ec to ra lis (1 , f ru ) Rh ip sa lis p un ic eo - di sc us C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te G ua ra ld o (2 00 9) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ta ng ar a cy an oc ep ha la (1 , f ru ) Rh ip sa lis p ul vi ni ge ra C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te B re ie r, T. * A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Eu ph on ia sp . ( 1, fr u) Rh ip sa lis te re s C ac t H ol o- ep ip hy te Pi zo e t a l. (2 00 2) 1 ; G ua ra ld o (2 00 9) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 C ar po rn is c uc ul la ta 1 (1 , f ru ), C oe re ba fl av eo la 2 (1 , f ru ), Eu ph on ia ch lo ro tic a2 ( 1, fr u) , E up ho ni a pe ct or al is 2 ( 2, fr u) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 701 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Sc hw ar tz ia br as ili en si s M ar c H ol o- ep ip hy te an d fa cu lta tiv e Sa zi m a et a l. (1 99 3) 1 ; R oc ca - de -A nd ra de (2 00 6) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 21 Am az ili a fim br ia ta 1 ( 1, n ec ), A. v er si co lo r2 ( 1, n ec ), A nt hr ac ot ho ra x ni gr ic ol lis 1 ( 1, n ec ), Ap ha nt oc hr oa c ir rh oc hl or is 1 ( 1, n ec ), C el eu s fla ve sc en s2 ( 1, n ec ), C hl or op ha ne s s pi za 1 ( 1, n ec ), C oe re ba fl av eo la (1 , n ec ), D ac ni s c ay an a1 ( 1, n ec ), Eu pe to ne m a m ac ro ur a1 ( 1, ne c) , E up ho ni a vi ol ac ea 1 ( 1, n ec ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a1, 2 (2 , n ec ), H em ith ra up is ru fic ap ill a1 ( 1, n ec ), H yl oc ha ri s c ya nu s1 ( 1, n ec ), Lo ph or ni s c ha ly be a1 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph oc el us b re si liu s1 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 2 ( 1, n ec ), Ta ch yp ho nu s c ri st at us (1 , n ec ), Ta ng ar a cy an oc ep ha la 1 ( 1, n ec ), T. d es m ar es ti1 ( 1, n ec ), T. se le do n1 (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1, 2 (2 , n ec ) Si nn er gi a sp . G es n H ol o- ep ip hy te R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us (1 , n ec ) Ti lla nd si a sp . B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Si gr is t ( 20 06 )1 , Pa rr in i & P ac he co (2 00 7) 2 , C hr is tia ne si , A .* 3 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 D ac ni s n ig ri ce ps 3 ( 1, m at ), Eu ph on ia c hl or ot ic a3 ( 1, m at ), Le pi do co la pt es sq ua m at us 2 ( 1, in v) , P ha et ho rn is e ur yn om e1 ( 1, n ec ) Ti lla nd si a ae ra nt ho s B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Sn ow & T ei xe ira (1 98 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), Le uc oh cl or is a lb ic ol lis (1 , n ec ) Ti lla nd si a ga rd ne ri B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; Fr ei ta s e Lo pe s ( 20 02 )2 A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s r ub er 1, 2 (2 , n ec ) Ti lla nd si a ge m in ifl or a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; Va ra ss in (2 00 2) 2 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 3 ; M ac ha do & Se m ir (2 00 6) 4 A tla nt ic F or es t 9 Am az ili a fim br ia ta 2 ( 1, n ec ), A. v er si co lo r4 ( 1, n ec ), C hl or os til bo n lu ci du s4 ( 1, n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 4 ( 1, n ec ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a3 (1 , n ec ), P ha et ho rn is e ur yn om e1, 2 (1 , n ec ), P. ru be r2 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 3 ( 1, n ec ), T ha lu ra ni a gl au co pi s2 ( 1, n ec ) Ti lla nd si a st ri ct a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Sn ow & S no w (1 98 6) 1 ; A lv es e t a l. (2 00 0) 2 ; B uz at o et a l ( 20 00 )3 ; Fr ei ta s e L op es (2 00 2) 4 ; A ra új o et a l ( 20 04 )5 ; M ac ha do & S em ir (2 00 6) 6 ; R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 7 A tla nt ic F or es t 10 Am az ili a fim br ia ta 2 (1 , n ec ), A. v er si co lo r1, 6 (2 , n ec ), C ly to la em a ru br ic au da 3 (1 , n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 3, 6 (2 , n ec ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a5 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. ru be r4 ( 1, n ec ), Po ly tm us g ua in um bi 2 ( 1, n ec ), S te ph an ox is la la nd i3 ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 3, 7 (2 , n ec ) Ti lla nd si a te nu ifo lia B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te M ac ha do & S em ir (2 00 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis (1 , n ec ) Ti lla nd si a us ne oi de s B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Pi zo (1 99 4) 1 ; H ofl in g & C am ar go (1 99 9) 2 ; G ua ra ld o, A . C .* 3 , G us so ni , C . O . A . * 4 A tla nt ic F or es t, C er ra do 5 C ac ic us h ae m or rh ou s1, 3 , 4 (3 , m at ), Eu ph on ia c hl or ot ic a3 ( 1, m at ), Pa ch yr am ph us ru fu s ( 1, m at ), Pa ru la p iti ay um i2 ( 1, n es ), Sa tr ap a ic te ro ph ry s3 (1 , m at ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. CESTARI, C. 702 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Vr ie se a sp . B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e Pi zo e t a l. (1 99 5) 1 ; Li m a et al . ( 20 03 )2 ; Si gr is t ( 20 06 )3 ; G ua ra ld o, A . C .* 4 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 Br ot og er is ti ri ca 1 ( 1, se e) , C oe re ba fl av eo la 4 ( 1, b at ) L op ho rn is ch al yb ea 3 (1 , n ec ), Ta ng ar a se le do n2 ( 1, n es ) Vr ie se a al to da se rr ae B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e K ae hl er e t a l. (2 00 5) 1 ; M ac ha do & S em ir2 ( 20 06 ) A tla nt ic F or es t 9 Am az ili a ve rs ic ol or 1, 2 (2 , n ec ), An th ra co th or ax n ig ri co lli s1, 2 (2 , ne c) , C hl or os til bo n lu ci du s2 ( 1, n ec ), C ly to la em a ru br ic au da 1, 2 (2 , ne c) , L eu co ch lo ri s a lb ic ol lis 1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Lo ph or ni s m ag ni fic us 1 ( 1, ne c) , F lo ri su ga fu sc a2 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1, 2 (2 , n ec ) Vr ie se a ca ri na ta B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 1 ; M ac ha do & S em ir (2 00 6) 2 ; R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 3 ; Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) 4 A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e2 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 3 , 4 (3 , n ec ) Vr ie se a en si fo rm is B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te A ra új o (1 99 6) 1 ; B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 2 ; Va ra ss in & S az im a (2 00 0) 3 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 4 ; R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 5 ; Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) 6 A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 3 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e2, 3 (2 , ne c) , P . s qu al id us 3 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 (5 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1 ( 1, n ec ) Vr ie se a fla m m ea B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 2 ; M ac ha do & Se m ir3 ( 20 06 ) A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 3 ( 1, n ec ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e 3 (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 1 ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 2 ( 1, n ec ) Vr ie se a fr ib ur ge ns is B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a gr ac ili or B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 3 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), P. sq ua lid us (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on na ev iu s ( 1, n ec ) Vr ie se a gu tta ta B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te K ae hl er e t a l. (2 00 5) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a he te ro st ac hy s B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te K ae hl er e t a l. (2 00 5) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 703 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Vr ie se a in cu rv at a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Sn ow & S no w (1 98 6) 1 ; B uz at o et a l ( 20 00 )2 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 3 ; R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 4 ; M ac ha do & S em ir (2 00 6) 5 ; Pi ac en tin i & V ar as si n (2 00 7) 6 ; C es ta ri, C . * 7 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 Eu ph on ia p ec to ra lis 7 ( 1, n es ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a5 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s eu ry no m e1, 5 (2 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 2, 3 , 4 , 6 (4 , n ec ) Vr ie se a jo ng he i B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te Sn ow & S no w (1 98 6) A tla nt ic F or es t 6 Am az ili a ve rs ic ol or (1 , n ec ), C ly to la em a ru br ic au da (1 , n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis (1 , n ec ), F lo ri su ga fu sc a (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a m or re ni i B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a ne og lu tin os a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va n Sl uy s & S to tz (1 99 5) A tla nt ic F or es t 4 Am az ili a fim br ia ta (1 , n ec ), C hl or os til bo n lu ci du s ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s i da lia e (1 , n ec ), Po ly tm us g ua in um bi (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a ph ili pp oc ob ur gi i B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; A ra új o et a l ( 20 04 )2 ; M ac ha do & Se m ir (2 00 6) 3 ; R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 4 A tla nt ic F or es t 5 An th ra co th or ax n ig ri co lli s4 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e2 ( 1, ne c) , P ha et ho rn is sq ua lid us 4 ( 1, n ec ), R am ph od on n ae vi us 1, 2 , 4 (3 , ne c) , T ha lu ra ni a gl au co pi s3, 4 (2 , n ec ) Vr ie se a pl at yn em a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te K ae hl er e t a l. (2 00 5) 1 , R oc ca - de -A nd ra de (2 00 6) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 5 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 1 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e1 ( 1, n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us 2 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 2 ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1 ( 1, n ec ) Vr ie se a pr oc er a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te , Fa cu lta tiv e A ra új o et a l. (1 99 6) 1 ; A lv es et a l. (2 00 0) 2 ; B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 3 A tla nt ic F or es t 6 Am az ili a br ev iro st ri s1 ( 1, n ec ), A. fi m br ia ta 1, 2 , 3 (3 , n ec ), C ol ib ri se rr iro st ri s2 ( 1, n ec ), Eu pe to ne m a m ac ro ur a2 ( 1, n ec ), F lo ri su ga fu sc a2 ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 2 ( 1, n ec ) Vr ie se a ps itt ac in a B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 4 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s s qu al id us (1 , n ec ), P. eu ry no m e (1 , n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a ro di ga si an a B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te A ra új o (1 99 6) 1 ; B uz at o et al (2 00 0) 2 ; Pi ac en tin i & Va ra ss in (2 00 7) 3 ; C es ta ri, C . * 4 A tla nt ic F or es t 8 Am az ili a fim br ia ta 1 (1 , n ec ), C al ly ph lo x am et hy st in a3 ( 1, n ec ), Eu ph on ia v io la ce a4 ( 1, n ec ; 1 , w at ), Ph ae th or ni s r ub er 2 ( 1, n ec ), Pi ci lu s fl av ig ul a (1 , n or ), P. sq ua lid us 3 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on n ae vi us 3 (1 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 2, 3 (2 , n ec ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. CESTARI, C. 704 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Pl an t S pe ci es G ro up H ab it R ef er en ce s B io m e N um be r of vi si to r bi rd sp ec ie s B ir d sp ec ie s ( N um be r of c ita tio ns , e xp lo ite d re so ur ce ) Vr ie se a sc al ar is B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ra m ph od on n ae vi us (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a sc ep tr um B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) A tla nt ic F or es t 2 Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis (1 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a si m pl ex B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e Va ra ss in (2 00 2) A tla nt ic F or es t 1 Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e (1 , n ec ) Vr ie se a va ga ns B ro m H ol o- ep ip hy te A lv es e t a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; A ra új o et a l. (2 00 4) 2 ; R oc ca -d e- A nd ra de (2 00 6) 3 A tla nt ic F or es t 6 Am az ili a fim br ia ta 1 ( 1, n ec ), C ly to la em a ru br ic au da 3 ( 1, n ec ), Fl or is ug a fu sc a1 ( 1, n ec ), Po ly tm us g ua in um bi 1 ( 1, n ec ), Ra m ph od on na ev iu s3 ( 1, n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 1, 2 , 3 (3 , n ec ) W itt ro ck ia cy at hi fo rm is (C an is tr um cy at hi fo rm e) B ro m Fa cu lta tiv e B uz at o et a l. (2 00 0) 1 ; K ae hl er e t a l. (2 00 5) 2 A tla nt ic F or es t 4 Am az ili a ve rs ic ol or 2 ( 1, n ec ), Le uc oc hl or is a lb ic ol lis 1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Ph ae th or ni s e ur yn om e1, 2 (2 , n ec ), Th al ur an ia g la uc op is 2 ( 1, n ec ) C on tin ua tio n of T ab le I. EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 705 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 The bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) have the greatest richness (80 species) visited by birds and also stood out as the most visited epiphytes with 455 citations. The hummingbirds (Trochilidae) reached the highest richness (35 species) and number of interactions (n = 298) in these epiphytes. Considering all the bird- epiphyte interactions, the hummingbirds was over again placed in first with 35 species that visited more frequently (395 citations) the epiphytes, followed by Thraupidae with 18 species and 28 citations and, Furnariidae with nine species and 25 citations (Figure 2). Nectar was the most sought epiphyte resource by birds (Figure 3). Figure 2. Number of cited interactions and number of species in epiphyte groups and in bird families recorded in Brazil. Figura 2. Número de citações de interações e número de espécies em grupos de epífitas e famílias de aves registradas no Brasil. Figure 3. Number of interaction citations on epiphytes resources by birds recorded in Brazil. Figura 3. Número de citações de interações por aves em recursos de epífitas registradas no Brasil. CESTARI, C. 706 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Aechmea nudicaulis (Bromeliaceae), Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae) and Vriesea altodaserrae (Bromeliaceae) were the first three most visited epiphytes, respectively with 25, 23 and 15 citations. S. brasiliensis, A. nudicaulis, Tillandsia stricta and Vriesea rodigasiana had the major richness of bird visitors, respectively with 21, 15 and the last two species with 10 species (Table I). The hummingbirds Ramphodon naevius, Thalurania glaucopis and Phaethornis eurynome interacted more frequently with epiphytes, respectively with 86, 69 and 53 citations. Considering the richness’ visitors in epiphytes, R. naevius were still placed in first (48 species), followed by P. eurynome (43 species) and T. glaucopis (42 species). The hummingbird P. eurynome (IG = 34.88) and the bromeliad V. rodigasiana (IG = 1.25) were considered more generalists species while the ovenbird Cichlocolaptes leucophrus (IG = 0.20) and the bromeliad Nidularium procerum were considered more specialists species among the birds and epiphytes (Tables II and III). Table II. Degree of interaction generality of birds (IG) with more than five citations of interactions in epiphytes in Brazil. NR is the total number of interaction records of the bird species; NT is the total number of interacted taxons (groups, genus and species) of the bird species. The IG value increases in more generalists bird species in interactions with epiphyte plantas. Tabela II. Grau de generalização em interações de aves (IG) com mais de cinco citações de interações em epífitas no Brasil. NR : número total de registros de interação das espécies de aves; NT: número total de táxons (grupos, gêneros e espécies) que as aves interagiram. O valor de IG aumenta em espécies de aves mais generalistas em interações com plantas epífitas. Bird species NR NT IG Trochilidae Anthracothorax nigricollis 5 4 3.20 Glaucis hirsutus 7 6 5.14 Hylocharis cyanus 7 6 5.14 Amazilia versicolor 12 9 6.75 Chlorostilbon lucidus 7 7 7.00 Clytolaema rubricauda 10 9 8.10 Florisuga fusca 15 12 9.60 Phaethornis ruber 14 13 12.08 Leucochloris albicollis 21 18 15.42 Amazilia fimbriata 25 21 17.64 Phaethornis squalidus 23 21 19.17 Thalurania glaucopis 69 43 26.80 Ramphodon naevius 86 51 30.20 Phaethornis eurynome 53 45 38.20 Furnariidae Cychlocolaptes leucophrus 5 1 0.20 Coerebidae Coereba flaveola 8 8 8.00 Thraupidae Tangara seledon 11 8 5.82 Fringillidae Euphonia violacea 5 4 3.20 Euphonia pectoralis 11 9 7.36 EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 707 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 Table III. Degree of interaction generality of epiphytes (IG) with more than five citations of interactions with birds in Brazil. NR is the total number of interaction records of the epiphyte species; NT is the total number of interacted taxons of the epiphyte species. The IG value increases in more generalists epiphyte species in interactions with birds. Tabela III. Grau de generalização em interações de epífitas (IG) com mais de cinco citações de interações com aves no Brasil. NR: número total de registros de interação das espécies de epífitas; NT: número total de táxons que as epífitas interagiram. O valor de IG aumenta em espécies de epífitas mais generalistas em interações com aves. Plant species NR NT IG Bromeliaceae Nidularium procerum 6 2 0.33 Aechmea pectinata 13 6 0.46 Vriesea ensiformis 10 5 0.50 Vriesea incurvata 8 4 0.50 Aechmea organensis 7 4 0.57 Aechmea nudicaulis 25 15 0.60 Aechmea ornata 5 3 0.60 Quesnelia arvensis 5 3 0.60 Vriesea altodaserrae 15 9 0.60 Vriesea philippocoburgii 8 5 0.62 Aechmea distichantha 14 9 0.64 Nidularium innocentii 6 4 0.66 Wittrockia cyathiformis 6 4 0.66 Tillandsia usneoides 7 5 0.71 Vriesea procera 8 6 0.75 Vriesea vagans 8 6 0.75 Tillandsia stricta 13 10 0.77 Vriesea flammea 6 5 0.83 Aechmea araneosa 5 5 1.00 Aechmea beeriana 6 6 1.00 Aechmea bromeliifolia 8 8 1.00 Aechmea lindenii 6 6 1.00 Canistrum aurantiacum 7 7 1.00 Hohenbergia ridleyi 5 5 1.00 Neoregelia magdalenae 5 5 1.00 Quesnelia strobilispica 5 5 1.00 Tillandsia geminiflora 9 9 1.00 Vriesea jonghei 6 6 1.00 Vriesea platynema 5 5 1.00 Vriesea rodigasiana 8 10 1.25 Cactaceae Rhipsalis teres 5 4 0.80 Marcgraviaceae Schwartzia brasiliensis 23 21 0.91 CESTARI, C. 708 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 DISCUSSION The highest number of interactions between birds and epiphytes in Atlantic Forest from southeastern Brazil was expected due the complex net of interactions between these organisms in this biome (Cestari & Pizo 2008). The Atlantic Forest presents a notable topographic differentiation that permits the incidence of light in a major part of its vegetation strata. This fact creates micro-climates that favour the establishment of a great diversity of epiphytes (Ab´Saber 2007), increasing their probability of use by birds. In terms of quantity of ecological studies conducted in this biome, the southeast region supports approximately 42% of the total human Brazilian population (IBGE 2007). This highest demography probably reflects the major number of researchers and consequently a concentration of studies in this region. Notwithstanding, there is a clear lack of ecological investigations about bird-epiphyte interactions in other Brazilian regions and biomes. The bromeliads were the most cited group of epiphytes. They provide an important quantity of nectar to hummingbirds, their main pollinators and most cited birds in the present review (Smith & Downs 1974, Snow & Snow 1986, Sazima et al. 1996). In Brazil, some bromeliads and hummingbirds species are especially endemic at Atlantic Forest (Reitz 1983, Sick 1984, Martinelli et al. 2008). According to Sick (1984), a parallel evolution between bromeliads and hummingbirds traced the mutualism presently recorded. Probably, groups of hummingbird species generated multiple selecting pressures on groups of bromeliads species in a diffuse coevolution process (Feisinger 1983). Notwithstanding, the intrinsic relationship between birds and bromeliads awaked special attention of researchers interested in pollination process and floral biology of bromeliads that compounded the majority of manuscripts found in this review. Regardless nectar, “tank” bromeliads may also offer a highest variety of resources to birds than other epiphytes (Pizo 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). Its “rosette” shape structure formed by leaves store water and organic material, creating a micro-habitat that favors the presence of bird´s preys as invertebrates and small vertebrates (Picado 1911, Laessle 1961). Additionally, the accessible stored water can be used by birds for bath and drink (Cestari & Pizo 2008). In the present review the bird families Thraupidae and Furnariidae interacted frequently with bromeliads searching for resources other than nectar. Nadkarni and Matelson (1989) found similar results in a bird-epiphyte interactions review conducted in Central America. The tanagers (Thraupidae) used a higher variety of available resources, such as fruits, invertebrates, water and places or materials for nesting. The ovenbirds (Furnariidae) are more restricted to search sheltered invertebrates in the accumulated organic material of roots and dead leaves. Considering other groups of epiphytes and their resources explored by birds, aroids (Araceae) supplied mainly fruits and invertebrates; cactuses (Cactaceae) supplied fruits, and mosses (Bryophyta) supplied invertebrates. The Gesneriaceae, Loranthaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae groups supplied nectar. Although the absence of available resources in Pterydophyta, some birds probably inspected its roots and leaves looking for sheltered invertebrates (Table I). Forage specialization of Brazilian birds in epiphytes is rarely cited in the literature (ex., Heliobletus contaminatus, Parrini et al. 2009) and more species are cogitated to be specialists (Pizo 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). Considering the number of species interactions and the total number of cited interactions, the ovenbird C. leucophrus and the bromeliad N. procerum were pointed out as more specialists. This result involved the previous cogitation of C. leucophrus as bromeliad specialist in a study about bird and epiphyte interactions conducted at Atlantic Forest from southeastern Brazil (Cestari & Pizo 2008). C. leucophrus moves permanently among tank bromeliads, dislodging accumulated dead leaves and organic material searching for invertebrates (Pizo 1994, Sick 1997, Develey & Endrigo 2004, Sigrist 2006, Cestari & Pizo 2008). The ornithophilous N. procerum has long-tubed corolla and high-reward flowers to hummingbirds (Araújo 1996). Authors cited only the two long- billed hummingbirds R. naevius (five citations) and P. eurynome (one citation) as it visitors (Araújo 1996, Buzato et al. 2000, Varassin 2002, Araújo et al. 2004, Piacentini & Varassin 2007). Probably, these hummingbird species act as very important pollinators in the short flowering period (1 to 4 months per year) EPIPHYTE PLANTS USE BY BIRDS IN BRAZIL 709 Oecol. Bras., 13(4): 689-712, 2009 of N. procerum if compared with other bromeliads species (Araújo 1996, Buzato et al. 2000, Araújo et al. 2004, Piacentini & Varassin 2007). Further, R. naevius and P. eurynome have distinct habitat preferences and in spite of they share the same sites, their mutual presences are generally rare (Sazima et al. 1995, Varassin 2002, Araújo et al. 2004). Considering the literary approach of this review to retract specialization on bird-epiphyte interactions, more studies involving epiphyte and non-epiphytes availability and its associations with bird species forage are still necessary to verify selectivity and specialization (Sillett 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). The degree of bird specialization in epiphytes may reflect its survivorship and abundance. In this way, quantity and richness of epiphytes may influence the presence of some species of birds (Nadkarni & Matelson 1989, Cestari & Pizo 2008). Studies of applied ecology proved that epiphytes act in the regulation of micro-climates that birds live, proportioning a better environment to shelter it (Stuntz et al. 2002). Coffee cultivated areas with epiphytes showed a higher richness and abundance of birds than crop areas without epiphytes from Central and North America (Cruz-Angón & Greenberg 2005, Wunderle & Jr. Latta 1998). Probably, the absence of epiphytes in degraded areas from Brazil may influence the richness and abundance of avian community, but this is a subject to be explored. Epiphytes may also available additional resources in the forest favoring opportunist bird species along the year (Nadkarni 1994, Cestari & Pizo 2008). Although, study efforts seeking to identify what bird species use epiphytes must be primarily conducted. Despite the major number of studies conducted in Atlantic Forest from southeastern Brazil, the great extend of the country assures that other tropical and subtropical regions are propense to a higher number of bird-epiphyte interactions since they present favorable conditions to epiphytes presence and elevated richness of birds. In this way, the list of birds and epiphytes presented in this revision is farther from its end. In a large scale, future investigations in ecological studies about bird-epiphyte interactions must be directed on the contribution of epiphytes presence to the abundance and richness of opportunistc and specialist bird species, comparing mainly fragmented and continuous forests habitats. More focused studies will be primordial to increase the number of bird species that explore epiphytes, identify its specialization on uses, and the costs-benefits and ecological importance for both life forms. 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