Desenvolvimento de métodos analiticos para determinação de 'CD', 'CU','NI'e 'PB' em biodiesel por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite
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Data
2009-07-20
Autores
Lobo, Fabiana Aparecida [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O biodiesel, também conhecido como diesel vegetal, é um combustível obtido de fonte renovável, considerado ambientalmente atraente e uma ótima alternativa em substituição ao diesel. Porém, contaminantes inorgânicos podem estar presentes em amostras de biodiesel devido à absorção de metais pela própria planta (matériaprima) do solo, e/ou podem ser incorporados durante o processo de produção/ transporte/estocagem. Desta forma, por meio de um controle analítico dos teores de contaminantes inorgânicos é possível gerenciar a qualidade dos combustíveis e avaliar o impacto ambiental destes. Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação de Cu, Cd, Ni e Pb em amostras de biodiesel por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GFAAS). Os procedimentos univariados e multivariados foram aplicados na avaliação das temperaturas ótimas de pirólise e atomização. O planejamento experimental foi usado também como ferramenta para a investigação de dois modificadores químicos (Pd + Mg e W) e dois diferentes procedimentos de preparo das amostras (amostras na forma de microemulsão e amostras digeridas por via úmida em sistema de microondas com radiação focalizada). Considerando que ao usar planejamento fatorial há um melhor entendimento das variáveis e das relações entre elas, os resultados usando o planejamento fatorial foram escolhidos para a determinação dos analitos nas amostras reais de biodiesel. Optou-se por trabalhar com W, pois os as determinações são mais rápidas, há poucos problemas relacionados ao background, durante a deposição do modificador na superfície do atomizador, as impurezas voláteis do modificador podem ser eliminadas, melhorando os limites de detecção, além do W ser um modificador permanente, o que pode aumentar o tempo de vida útil do atomizador. Os procedimentos...
Biodiesel, also known as vegetable diesel, is a fuel obtained from a renewable source and an excellent alternative to diesel. However, biodiesel samples may contain inorganic contaminants due to the plant’s (raw material) absorption of metals in the soil, and/or be incorporated during production, transportation or storage. Therefore, based on the analytical control of the inorganic contaminant content, it is possible to manage the quality of fuels and evaluate their environmental impact. This work proposes the development of analytical methods for the determination of Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb in biodiesel samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Univariate and multivariate procedures were applied in the evaluation of the optimal temperatures of pyrolysis and atomization. Experimental design was also used as a tool in the investigation of two chemical modifiers (Pd + Mg and W) and two different sample preparation procedures (microemulsions and wet digestion in a focused microwave system). Using a factorial design there is better understanding of variables and relations between them and the results using the factorial design were chosen for the determination of analytes in real samples of biodiesel. Therefore, it was decided to work with W, since the heating programs are faster, there are few background problems, the volatile impurities of the modifier can be eliminated during its deposition on the surface of the atomizer, improving the detection limits, and W is a permanent modifier, which may help prolong the service life of the atomizer. The developed analyticals procedures may also be considered satisfactory as were good values of recovery and low standard deviations for all analytes measured in samples of biodiesel. This work contributes to establish or to propose a suitable normalization, since there is not yet in the literature and / or legislation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Biodiesel, also known as vegetable diesel, is a fuel obtained from a renewable source and an excellent alternative to diesel. However, biodiesel samples may contain inorganic contaminants due to the plant’s (raw material) absorption of metals in the soil, and/or be incorporated during production, transportation or storage. Therefore, based on the analytical control of the inorganic contaminant content, it is possible to manage the quality of fuels and evaluate their environmental impact. This work proposes the development of analytical methods for the determination of Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb in biodiesel samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Univariate and multivariate procedures were applied in the evaluation of the optimal temperatures of pyrolysis and atomization. Experimental design was also used as a tool in the investigation of two chemical modifiers (Pd + Mg and W) and two different sample preparation procedures (microemulsions and wet digestion in a focused microwave system). Using a factorial design there is better understanding of variables and relations between them and the results using the factorial design were chosen for the determination of analytes in real samples of biodiesel. Therefore, it was decided to work with W, since the heating programs are faster, there are few background problems, the volatile impurities of the modifier can be eliminated during its deposition on the surface of the atomizer, improving the detection limits, and W is a permanent modifier, which may help prolong the service life of the atomizer. The developed analyticals procedures may also be considered satisfactory as were good values of recovery and low standard deviations for all analytes measured in samples of biodiesel. This work contributes to establish or to propose a suitable normalization, since there is not yet in the literature and / or legislation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Quimica analitica, Biodiesel, Planejamento fatorial, Analytical chemistry
Como citar
LOBO, Fabiana Aparecida. Desenvolvimento de métodos analiticos para determinação de 'CD', 'CU','NI'e 'PB' em biodiesel por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite. 2009. 104 f. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Química, 2009.