Formação de teias tróficas e sua resistência à introdução e exclusão de espécies: propriedades resultantes de um modelo computacional baseado no indivíduo
Carregando...
Data
2011-01-10
Autores
Giacomini, Henrique Corrêa [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Um modelo baseado no indivíduo para história de vida e interações tróficas de peixes é proposto nesta tese. Ele integra teorias sobre fisiologia, crescimento, reprodução e alimentação num mesmo arcabouço dinâmico. As comunidades são formadas por um processo seqüencial de assembleamento que seleciona espécies com melhor ajuste às condições locais. No capítulo 1, experimentos computacionais foram feitos para avaliar a resposta seletiva de 10 características bionômicas em gradientes de produtividade, taxas de ataque por predadores, distribuição do tamanho corporal no conjunto regional de espécies, e a presença/ausência de assimetrias nas habilidades dos peixes em consumir presas e em evitar predação. Este último fator inclui conflitos funcionais entre a eficiência de captura versus generalidade de dieta e intensidade de forrageamento versus defesa contra predadores. As comunidades resultantes foram fortemente afetadas pelos gradientes. Picos de riqueza ocorrem em produtividades moderadamente baixas, associadas a baixas taxas de ataque, o que pode estar relacionado ao efeito estabilizador de respostas funcionais menos saturadas e às características emergentes das espécies. Com alta disponibilidade de recursos, espécies de rápido crescimento e tamanhos variados dominaram, promovendo rápida depleção dos recursos durante a formação das comunidades e ocasionando fortes efeitos de prioridade. As assimetrias de consumo aumentaram a coexistência onde ela tende a ser mais difícil, mas a diminuíram em seus pontos de pico. Mas seu principal efeito foi o de modificar a composição ao longo dos gradientes, modulando o formato das associações emergentes entre as características biológicas das espécies bem sucedidas. No capítulo 2 foram realizados experimentos de invasão e exclusão, para avaliar como as características das espécies...
An individual-based model for fish life history and trophic interactions is here proposed. It integrates theories for individual physiology, growth, reproduction, and feeding in the same dynamical framework. Communities are formed by a sequential assembly process which selects for species best adjusted to local conditions. Simulation experiments were carried out to evaluate the distribution of diversity and selective response of 10 bionomic features along gradients of resource productivity, predators maximum attack rates, body size distribution in species pool, and the presence/absence of asymmetries in both the abilities of fish to consume prey and to avoid being consumed. This last factor includes tradeoffs concerning capture efficiency versus diet generality and foraging intensity (associated to growth rate) versus defense against predators. The resulting communities were strongly affected by the gradients. Richness peaks are localized at moderately low productivities associated to low maximum attack rates, which might be related to the stabilizing effect of less saturated functional responses and to the emergent features of selected species. At high resource availability, fast growing species with variable sizes dominated, promoting early fast resource depletion during assembly and leading to strong priority effects. The hierarchical consumption asymmetries increased coexistence where it tends to be more difficult, but diminished it at its points of peak. But its main effect was modifying species trait composition along other gradients, modulating the shape of emergent associations among biological features of successful species. Additional invasion and deletion experiments were carried out to evaluate how species and community features are related invasion success and native extinctions. Successful invaders tend to possess similar life-history features to invaded community, but low... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
An individual-based model for fish life history and trophic interactions is here proposed. It integrates theories for individual physiology, growth, reproduction, and feeding in the same dynamical framework. Communities are formed by a sequential assembly process which selects for species best adjusted to local conditions. Simulation experiments were carried out to evaluate the distribution of diversity and selective response of 10 bionomic features along gradients of resource productivity, predators maximum attack rates, body size distribution in species pool, and the presence/absence of asymmetries in both the abilities of fish to consume prey and to avoid being consumed. This last factor includes tradeoffs concerning capture efficiency versus diet generality and foraging intensity (associated to growth rate) versus defense against predators. The resulting communities were strongly affected by the gradients. Richness peaks are localized at moderately low productivities associated to low maximum attack rates, which might be related to the stabilizing effect of less saturated functional responses and to the emergent features of selected species. At high resource availability, fast growing species with variable sizes dominated, promoting early fast resource depletion during assembly and leading to strong priority effects. The hierarchical consumption asymmetries increased coexistence where it tends to be more difficult, but diminished it at its points of peak. But its main effect was modifying species trait composition along other gradients, modulating the shape of emergent associations among biological features of successful species. Additional invasion and deletion experiments were carried out to evaluate how species and community features are related invasion success and native extinctions. Successful invaders tend to possess similar life-history features to invaded community, but low... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Peixe, Predação (Biologia), Invasões biológicas, Modelo baseado no indivíduo, História de vida, Gradientes ambientais, Individual-based model, Life history, Predation, Environmental gradientes, Biological invasions
Como citar
GIACOMINI, Henrique Corrêa. Formação de teias tróficas e sua resistência à introdução e exclusão de espécies: propriedades resultantes de um modelo computacional baseado no indivíduo. 2011. 129 f. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, 2011.