Interação entre Sorgo Sacarino e plantas daninhas
Data
2015-12-21
Autores
Giancotti, Paulo Roberto Fidelis [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor) é caracterizado por conter elevados teores de açúcares fermentescíveis em seu colmo, sendo considerado atualmente de alto potencial para compor a matriz energética nacional, ao produzir álcool durante a entressafra da cultura da cana-de-açúcar. A interferência das plantas daninhas é um dos fatores de maior importância durante a condução de uma lavoura. Uma vez que pouco tem sido estudado sobre esse tipo de sorgo, especificamente, estudos da interação entre as plantas daninhas e a cultura do sorgo sacarino são muito bem-vindas no desenvolvimento da agricultura energética. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: (I) determinar os períodos de interferência e índices fitossociológicos da comunidade infestante da cultura do sorgo sacarino; (II) analisar o desenvolvimento inicial de sorgo sacarino sob alta infestação de plantas daninhas; (III) estudar o efeito do exsudado do sorgo sacarino em outras espécies de plantas e avaliar o extrato radicular de uma potencial planta estimuladora da produção de sorgoleone pelo sorgo; (IV) avaliar o efeito supressor de restos culturais de sorgo sacarino sobre as plantas daninhas. Para o primeiro objetivo, os tratamentos consistiram de períodos crescentes da cultura em convivência e controle da comunidade infestante, em duas safras; sendo avaliada a biometria e a produção comercial do sorgo sacarino, além da determinação de índices fitossociológicos da comunidade infestante (densidade, dominância e importância relativa das espécies daninhas, além dos índices de diversidade e equitabilidade da comunidade). Em vasos, foi instalado o experimento para avaliar o terceiro objetivo, no qual híbridos de sorgo sacarino foram submetidos à presença de cinco plantas daninhas em alta densidade; sendo avaliadas as características morfofisiológicas do sorgo sacarino e a massa seca acumulada pela cultura e pelas plantas daninhas. Os estudos sobre a alelopatia foram realizados em laboratório, utilizando diferentes metodologias de química analítica, além de bioensaios avaliando a atividade de exsudados de híbridos de sorgo sacarino sobre germinabilidade e o desenvolvimento de plântulas teste e o crescimento de coleóptilo de trigo. No estudo do efeito supressor de restos culturais de sorgo sacarino, este foi comparado, no campo, com outros tipos de coberturas, e avaliada a reinfestação da comunidade infestante por meio de estudos fitossociológicos e a avaliação do banco de sementes do solo. Durante a produção de colmos de sorgo sacarino, a densidade de plantas daninhas foi o fator determinante para a importância das mesmas dentro da comunidade infestante, uma vez que o desenvolvimento e acúmulo de biomassa destas foram suprimidos pela competição estabelecida pela cultura. O sorgo sacarino se mostrou extremamente competitivo no campo, sendo que a interferência das plantas daninhas não acarretou em redução da produtividade da cultura, em duas safras. A supressão das plantas daninhas proporcionada pelos restos culturais da cultura de sorgo sacarino se equiparou a da cobertura de mucuna-cinza, suprimindo as plantas daninhas no campo por, pelo menos, quatro meses, durante a época seca. Em vasos, quatro plantas daninhas tiveram sua massa seca reduzida pela presença de sorgo sacarino, mesmo em reduzida densidade; além disso, o sorgo foi insensível à presença de três espécies daninhas presentes em alta densidade. Os bioensaios não apresentaram o esperado resultado de inibição alelopática do exsudado de sorgo sacarino sobre plantas teste. Devido ao elevado coeficiente de variação, a produção de sorgoleone pelo sorgo submetido ao extrato de A. theophrasti, não apresentou resultados conclusivos.
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is featured by the high level of fermentable sugars present in its stalk. The crop is currently considered of high potential to compose the national energetic system, by producing alcohol during the sugarcane off season. The weed interference is one of the most important factors during a crop management. Because not too much have been studied about sweet sorghum, studies about the interaction between weeds and sweet sorghum crop are very welcome for the development of the bioenergy nationwide. The aim of this research were: (I) determine the periods of weed interference and the phytosociological indexes of the weed community on the sweet sorghum crop; (II) analyze the initial growth of sweet sorghum under high weed infestation; (III) study the effect of the sweet sorghum root exudate in other plant species and also evaluate the root extract of an potential stimulant plant on the production of sorgoleone by sorghum; (IV) evaluate the suppressive effect of sweet sorghum crop residues on weeds. For the first objective, the treatments were composed by increasing periods of weed presence and weed absence at two crop seasons; when it was evaluated the sweet sorghum biometry and yield, besides the determination of phytosociological indexes of the weed community (the relative indexes of density, dominance and importance, and the weed community indexes of diversity and equitability). In pots, it was carried out an assay in order to evaluate the third aim, in which hybrids of sweet sorghum were submitted to the presence of five weed species in higher density. It was evaluated the morphophysiological features of sweet sorghum and the dry mass of both crop and weeds. The studies about allelopathy were carried out in laboratory, using different methods of analytical chemistry. Bioassays was carried out in order to evaluate the activity of exudates of sweet sorghum hybrids on test plants seed germinability and seedling development. In the study of the suppressor effect of sweet sorghum residues, it was compared at field with other cover crops and it was evaluated the reinfestation of the weed community by phytosociological studies and seed soil bank evaluation. During the sweet sorghum crop, the weed density was the determinant factor for the weed importance in the weed community, once the weed development and dry mass accumulation were suppressed by the competition established by the crop. The sweet sorghum showed an extremely competitive behavior on field and the interference of weeds did not cause yield loss, in two crop seasons. The weed suppression provided by the sweet sorghum crop residues was similar to the one provided by Mucuna pruriens, controlling the weeds on field for at least four months, during the dry season. In pots, four weed species had their dry mass reduced by the presence of sweet sorghum, even in lower density of the crop. Besides that, the sweet sorghum was insensitive to the presence of three weed species that were present in higher density. The bioassays didn’t show the expected result of allelopathic inhibition of sweet sorghum exudate on test plants. Due to the high coefficient of variation, the production of sorgoleone by sorghum subjected to root extract of A. theophrasti, did not show conclusive results.
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is featured by the high level of fermentable sugars present in its stalk. The crop is currently considered of high potential to compose the national energetic system, by producing alcohol during the sugarcane off season. The weed interference is one of the most important factors during a crop management. Because not too much have been studied about sweet sorghum, studies about the interaction between weeds and sweet sorghum crop are very welcome for the development of the bioenergy nationwide. The aim of this research were: (I) determine the periods of weed interference and the phytosociological indexes of the weed community on the sweet sorghum crop; (II) analyze the initial growth of sweet sorghum under high weed infestation; (III) study the effect of the sweet sorghum root exudate in other plant species and also evaluate the root extract of an potential stimulant plant on the production of sorgoleone by sorghum; (IV) evaluate the suppressive effect of sweet sorghum crop residues on weeds. For the first objective, the treatments were composed by increasing periods of weed presence and weed absence at two crop seasons; when it was evaluated the sweet sorghum biometry and yield, besides the determination of phytosociological indexes of the weed community (the relative indexes of density, dominance and importance, and the weed community indexes of diversity and equitability). In pots, it was carried out an assay in order to evaluate the third aim, in which hybrids of sweet sorghum were submitted to the presence of five weed species in higher density. It was evaluated the morphophysiological features of sweet sorghum and the dry mass of both crop and weeds. The studies about allelopathy were carried out in laboratory, using different methods of analytical chemistry. Bioassays was carried out in order to evaluate the activity of exudates of sweet sorghum hybrids on test plants seed germinability and seedling development. In the study of the suppressor effect of sweet sorghum residues, it was compared at field with other cover crops and it was evaluated the reinfestation of the weed community by phytosociological studies and seed soil bank evaluation. During the sweet sorghum crop, the weed density was the determinant factor for the weed importance in the weed community, once the weed development and dry mass accumulation were suppressed by the competition established by the crop. The sweet sorghum showed an extremely competitive behavior on field and the interference of weeds did not cause yield loss, in two crop seasons. The weed suppression provided by the sweet sorghum crop residues was similar to the one provided by Mucuna pruriens, controlling the weeds on field for at least four months, during the dry season. In pots, four weed species had their dry mass reduced by the presence of sweet sorghum, even in lower density of the crop. Besides that, the sweet sorghum was insensitive to the presence of three weed species that were present in higher density. The bioassays didn’t show the expected result of allelopathic inhibition of sweet sorghum exudate on test plants. Due to the high coefficient of variation, the production of sorgoleone by sorghum subjected to root extract of A. theophrasti, did not show conclusive results.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Sorghum bicolor, Sorgoleone, Matologia, Interferência interespecífica, Sorghum bicolor, Sorgoleone, Weed science, Interspecific interference