Determinação simultânea de biomarcadores de função renal em urina utilizando dispositivo analítico microfluídico em papel
Carregando...
Data
2016-02-05
Autores
Rossini, Eduardo Luiz [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O nitrogênio está presente no organismo humano principalmente como constituinte das proteínas e ácidos nucleicos. O catabolismo dessas substâncias forma compostos nitrogenados conhecidos como não–proteicos. Dentre os vários compostos nitrogenados não-proteicos conhecidos, o ácido úrico e a creatinina podem ser utilizados como biomarcadores da função renal em humanos. A creatinina é proveniente da reação não enzimática de desidratação da creatina ou da desfosforilação da fosfocreatina durante o processo de contração muscular; sua concentração é utilizada como marcador clínico para avaliar a função renal. O ácido úrico é formado a partir do metabolismo das bases purínicas, por ser um composto pouco solúvel, sua deposição nas juntas das extremidades ou em outros tecidos moles gera o caso clínico conhecido como gota. Dessa forma, a creatinina e o ácido úrico são constantemente dosados em exames laboratoriais de urina. As metodologias utilizadas para a dosagem desses dois compostos vão desde os métodos clássicos, até a utilização de HPLC, eletroforese e análise em fluxo, ou seja, técnicas pouco portáteis e algumas de alto custo. Assim, a proposta do trabalho é o desenvolvimento de dispositivos analíticos microfluídicos em papel (μPAD) para a determinação de creatinina e ácido úrico. Foram selecionados os reagentes cromogênicos para os dois analitos em estudo. Sendo o ácido pícrico em meio alcalino o reagente cromogênico para a creatinina e o Fe3+ e 1,10-Fenantrolina para o ácido úrico. As condições experimentais das duas reações foram otimizadas utilizando o planejamento fatorial do tipo 2³ e o planejamento composto central. Foram otimizados os fatores concentrações dos reagentes e tempo de aquecimento. A curva de calibração para o ácido úrico foi repetitiva, com equação de reta igual a A = 0,01651 + 0,0003864 CAU, com coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,997, com limite de detecção igual a 16,5 mg L-1 e de quantificação igual a 54,9 mg L-1. Dos interferentes testados, apenas o ácido ascórbico demonstrou ser interferente da reação e pode ser eliminado borbulhando-se O2 na amostra. A curva de calibração para a creatinina apresenta repetibilidade, com equação de reta igual a A = -0,02229 + 0,0004010 CCRN, com coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,998, com limite de detecção igual a 15,7 mg L-1 e de quantificação igual a 52,4 mg L-1, não apresentando interferentes para a reação entre os interferentes testados. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada em três urinas sintética e quatro urinas naturais. Os resultados obtidos foram confrontados com uma metodologia cromatográfica descrita na literatura. O teste estatístico de t de Student demonstrou que não houve diferença significativa entre os resultados obtidos do método proposto e o comparativo.
Nitrogen is present in human organism mainly as a nucleic acid and proteins constituent. The catabolism of these substances forms nitrogen compounds known as nonproteinaceous. Among the many nonproteinaceous nitrogen compounds, uric acid and creatinine can be used as biomarkers of renal function in humans. Creatinine is derived from a non-enzymatic reaction of creatine dehydretion or dephosphorylation of phosphocreatine in the muscle contraction process; creatinine concentration is used as clinic marker to evaluate the renal function. Uric acid is formed from metabolism of purine bases and, by being a slightly soluble compound, its deposition in the joints of the extremities or other soft tissues creates a case known as gout. In this way, creatinine and uric acid are constantly dosed in urine laboratory exams. The methodologies used to determine these two compounds range from classic methods, to the used of HPLC, electrophoresis and in flow analysis, in other words, slightly portable techniques and, some of them, very expensive. Thus, this work proposes the development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD) to determinate creatinine and uric acid. Chromogenic reagents were selected for both analytes in study. Picric acid in alkaline medium was chose for creatinine determination and Fe3+ and 1,10-phenantroline were chose for uric acid. Experimental conditions were optimized for both reactions using 23 factorial design and a central composite design. The factores optimized were reagents concentration and time of heating. The analytical curve to uric acid were repetitive, with a line equation equal to A = 0,01651 + 0,00038764 CAU, with determination coefficient (R²) equal to 0,997, and limit of detection equal to 16,5 mg L-1 and limit of quantification equal to 54,9 mg L-1. Of the interferents tested, only ascorbic acid was shown to be interfering the reaction and may be removed by bubbling O2 in the sample. Calibration curve of creatinine shows itself repetitive with a linear equation equal to A = -0,02229 + 0,0004010 CCRN, with linear coefficient (R²) of 0,998; limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 15,7 mg L-1 and 52,4 mg L-1; and none of the interferentes tested present interference during the determination. The proposed method was applied to three artificial urine samples and four natural urine samples. The obtained results were compared with a chromatographic methodology already described in literature. Statistic Student t-test shows that there is no significant difference between the results obtained by the proposed method and the comparative method.
Nitrogen is present in human organism mainly as a nucleic acid and proteins constituent. The catabolism of these substances forms nitrogen compounds known as nonproteinaceous. Among the many nonproteinaceous nitrogen compounds, uric acid and creatinine can be used as biomarkers of renal function in humans. Creatinine is derived from a non-enzymatic reaction of creatine dehydretion or dephosphorylation of phosphocreatine in the muscle contraction process; creatinine concentration is used as clinic marker to evaluate the renal function. Uric acid is formed from metabolism of purine bases and, by being a slightly soluble compound, its deposition in the joints of the extremities or other soft tissues creates a case known as gout. In this way, creatinine and uric acid are constantly dosed in urine laboratory exams. The methodologies used to determine these two compounds range from classic methods, to the used of HPLC, electrophoresis and in flow analysis, in other words, slightly portable techniques and, some of them, very expensive. Thus, this work proposes the development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD) to determinate creatinine and uric acid. Chromogenic reagents were selected for both analytes in study. Picric acid in alkaline medium was chose for creatinine determination and Fe3+ and 1,10-phenantroline were chose for uric acid. Experimental conditions were optimized for both reactions using 23 factorial design and a central composite design. The factores optimized were reagents concentration and time of heating. The analytical curve to uric acid were repetitive, with a line equation equal to A = 0,01651 + 0,00038764 CAU, with determination coefficient (R²) equal to 0,997, and limit of detection equal to 16,5 mg L-1 and limit of quantification equal to 54,9 mg L-1. Of the interferents tested, only ascorbic acid was shown to be interfering the reaction and may be removed by bubbling O2 in the sample. Calibration curve of creatinine shows itself repetitive with a linear equation equal to A = -0,02229 + 0,0004010 CCRN, with linear coefficient (R²) of 0,998; limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 15,7 mg L-1 and 52,4 mg L-1; and none of the interferentes tested present interference during the determination. The proposed method was applied to three artificial urine samples and four natural urine samples. The obtained results were compared with a chromatographic methodology already described in literature. Statistic Student t-test shows that there is no significant difference between the results obtained by the proposed method and the comparative method.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ácido úrico, Uric acid, Creatinina, Creatinine, Urina, Urine, Imagem digital, Digital image, µPAD, Microfluídica, Microfluidic