Produção de biodiesel etílico utilizando óxidos mistos derivados de hidróxidos duplos lamelares como catalisadores
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Data
2016-02-24
Autores
Coelho, Adônis [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A produção e o consumo de biodiesel no Brasil e no mundo vem aumentando a cada ano em decorrência da busca por combustíveis menos poluentes e processos de produção mais baratos. Este biocombustível é produzido pela esterificação ou transesterificação de óleos ou gorduras com álcoois de cadeia curta. A catálise homogênea alcalina é a mais empregada na transesterificação gerando grandes quantidades de resíduos ao final do processo, já os catalisadores heterogêneos, menos usados em razão do custo e eficiência, são facilmente separados do produto final e ainda melhoram a qualidade do glicerol residual. O uso do etanol na produção do biodiesel fortalece a agroindústria brasileira, porém possui como principal desvantagem a sua higroscopicidade, o que pode favorecer a reação de saponificação afetando a qualidade do biodiesel e dificultando seu processo de produção. Neste trabalho, hidróxidos duplos lamelares tipo hidrotalcitas e piroauritas com substituição parcial de Mg e Al por Ba, Cu, Zn e Fe foram estudados como precursores de óxidos metálicos com atividade catalítica transesterificante na produção de biodiesel etílico de óleo de soja e caracterizados por TGA, DSC, FTIR-ATR, BET, XRD e SEM. Cromatografia em fase gasosa (GC-FID) foi empregada na quantificação dos produtos. Foram testadas 40 variações dos catalisadores, sendo 20 em cada temperatura de calcinação (450 e 600ºC). Dentre os materiais estudados, aqueles contendo Ba houve formação de fase secundária e os materiais com zinco e cobre obtiveram alta cristalinidade, maior perda de massa quando calcinados e altas áreas superficiais. Nos testes catalíticos em recipientes fechados com pressão autogerada a 120ºC por 12 horas utilizando razão 1:20 (massa óleo/massa etanol) e com 20% (massa catalisador/massa óleo). Os materiais de referência (hidrotalcita e piroaurita sem modificações calcinadas a 450ºC) proporcionaram conversões em biodiesel de 42 e 26%, respectivamente. Em geral, os materiais tipo piroaurita obtiveram rendimentos menores que os materiais tipo hidrotalcita, com destaque para o material com substituição de 10% de magnésio por zinco e 10% de alumínio por ferro calcinado a 450ºC que atingiu 61% de conversão em biodiesel nas condições testadas, e o pior resultado foi conseguido com o material tipo piroaurita preparado com 10% de cobre em substituição ao magnésio calcinado a 450ºC, que atingiu 15% de conversão.
Both the production and consumption of biodiesel have constantly increased worldwide and in Brazil due to a search for fuels which pollute less and production processes which cost less as well. Such biofuel is produced by means of esterification and transesterification of oils or fat with short-chain alcohols. Alkaline homogeneous catalysis is still widely used in transesterification, even though it generates a massive amount of residues at the end of the process; however, heterogeneous catalysts are not employed so frequently because they are more costly and less efficient. Nevertheless, they can be easily separated from the final product and improve the quality of residual glycerol. Although the use of ethanol in the production of biodiesel strengthens the Brazilian agro-industry, it poses a disadvantage: its hygroscopicity, which can generate a saponification reaction and, thus, affect the quality of the biodiesel and make its production process more difficult. In this study, we analyzed lamellar double hydroxides from hydrotalcite and pyroaurite types, with a partial substitution of Mg and Al for Ba, Cu, Zn, and Fe. We studied as metal oxide precursors with a transesterification catalytic activity on production of ethyl biodiesel from soybean oil and characterized them through TGA, DSC, FTIR-ATR, BET, XRD, and SEM. Gas chromatography (GC-FID) was used for products quantification. We conducted tests with 40 variations of catalysts, 20 for each calcination temperature (450 and 600ºC). Among the studied materials, those with Ba presented a secondary phase formation and materials with zinc and copper showed high crystallinity, high mass loss when calcined and high surface areas. In closed containers with auto-generated pressure at 120ºC for 12h using the ratio 1:20 (oil mass/ ethanol mass) and 20% (catalyst mass/ oil mass), the reference materials (hydrotalcite and pyroaurite, without modifications, calcined at 450ºC) yielded biodiesel conversions between 42 and 26%, respectively. Among all materials, pyroaurite obtained smaller yields compared to those from hydrotalcite materials, especially the material with a 10% substitution of magnesium for zinc and 10% of aluminum for iron calcined at 450ºC, which reached 61% conversion into biodiesel on tested conditions. Pyroaurite material prepared with 10% copper substituting calcined magnesium at 450ºC and reaching 15% conversion showed the worst result.
Both the production and consumption of biodiesel have constantly increased worldwide and in Brazil due to a search for fuels which pollute less and production processes which cost less as well. Such biofuel is produced by means of esterification and transesterification of oils or fat with short-chain alcohols. Alkaline homogeneous catalysis is still widely used in transesterification, even though it generates a massive amount of residues at the end of the process; however, heterogeneous catalysts are not employed so frequently because they are more costly and less efficient. Nevertheless, they can be easily separated from the final product and improve the quality of residual glycerol. Although the use of ethanol in the production of biodiesel strengthens the Brazilian agro-industry, it poses a disadvantage: its hygroscopicity, which can generate a saponification reaction and, thus, affect the quality of the biodiesel and make its production process more difficult. In this study, we analyzed lamellar double hydroxides from hydrotalcite and pyroaurite types, with a partial substitution of Mg and Al for Ba, Cu, Zn, and Fe. We studied as metal oxide precursors with a transesterification catalytic activity on production of ethyl biodiesel from soybean oil and characterized them through TGA, DSC, FTIR-ATR, BET, XRD, and SEM. Gas chromatography (GC-FID) was used for products quantification. We conducted tests with 40 variations of catalysts, 20 for each calcination temperature (450 and 600ºC). Among the studied materials, those with Ba presented a secondary phase formation and materials with zinc and copper showed high crystallinity, high mass loss when calcined and high surface areas. In closed containers with auto-generated pressure at 120ºC for 12h using the ratio 1:20 (oil mass/ ethanol mass) and 20% (catalyst mass/ oil mass), the reference materials (hydrotalcite and pyroaurite, without modifications, calcined at 450ºC) yielded biodiesel conversions between 42 and 26%, respectively. Among all materials, pyroaurite obtained smaller yields compared to those from hydrotalcite materials, especially the material with a 10% substitution of magnesium for zinc and 10% of aluminum for iron calcined at 450ºC, which reached 61% conversion into biodiesel on tested conditions. Pyroaurite material prepared with 10% copper substituting calcined magnesium at 450ºC and reaching 15% conversion showed the worst result.
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Palavras-chave
Bioenergia, Biodiesel etílico, Catálise heterogênea, Hidrotalcita, Piroauritaen, Biofuel, Ethyl biodiesel, Heterogeneous catalysis, Hydrotalcite, Pyroaurite