Nanopartículas magnéticas como suporte para imobilização de lipases
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Data
2016-03-14
Autores
Rocha, Caroline Oliveira da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As enzimas são catalisadores de alto custo, sendo necessário a imobilização para que haja a recuperação e a reutilização tornando o processo viável economicamente. Além disso, a utilização de enzimas imobilizadas permite simplificar o modelo de reatores e o controle da reação. Assim, a imobilização é geralmente um requisito para a utilização de enzimas como biocatalisadores industriais. A escolha do suporte para imobilização depende das propriedades da enzima a ser imobilizada. Suportes sólidos podem interagir com a enzima por diferentes vias: por adsorção, ligação covalente ou encapsulamento. Um importante fator para imobilizar a enzima é que o suporte deve ser inerte e biocompatível ao ambiente, ou seja, não deve interferir na estrutura nativa da proteína e nem comprometer sua atividade biológica. Dentre as principais enzimas, as lipases hidrolisam triglicerídeos (TAG) em glicerol e ácidos graxos e por este motivo estão na classe das hidrolases. Uma proposta de imobilização destas enzimas consiste na utilização de nanoestruturas magnéticas como biocatalisadores da reação de transesterificação para a produção de biodiesel, devido à facilidade e a rápida separação das enzimas imobilizadas, a partir da mistura reacional, usando um campo magnético externo. As vantagens das enzimas imobilizadas em relação às enzimas livres surgem da sua maior estabilidade e facilidade de separação, o que acarreta economia significativa no custo global do processo, desde que o procedimento de imobilização não seja muito caro, haja boa recuperação da atividade enzimática e que a estabilidade operacional da enzima imobilizada seja suficientemente longa. O uso de enzimas imobilizadas permite a retenção do biocatalisador no reator; elevada concentração de catalisador no reator permitindo intensificar o processo; controle do microambiente da enzima; facilidade de recuperação e reutilização do catalisador, o que reduz os custos das enzimas; possibilidade de ser utilizado em sistemas contínuos. Utilizando a técnica de difração de raios X foi possível confirmar a fase magnetita nas sínteses propostas: método de coprecipitação e em meio orgânico. A funcionalização da superfície da NP e SP com APTS, foi comprovado por espectroscopia na região de infravermelho, apresentando bandas de –NH2. A técnica de DLS comprovou a funcionalização, pelo aumento dos diâmetros hidrodinâmicos das amostras NP-APTS e SP-APTS comparada a NP e SP. O ponto isoelétrico das amostras SP e SP-APTS apresentou aumento de 2,33 para 6,44. O derivado imobilizado apresentou bandas típicas de amidas. As lipases imobilizadas apresentaram diâmetros hidrodinâmicos maiores que NP-APTS e SP-APTS. Os resultados da atividade hidrolítica das enzimas suportadas foram satisfatórios, sendo que SP-APTS-LPP apresentou maior atividade. Pela análise termogravimétrica comprovou-se rendimento de imobilização de 22,86%. Determinou-se o pH ótimo da lipase imobilizada que mostrou maior atividade em pH 8 enquanto a LPP livre em pH 6,5. As medidas de temperatura ótima demostrou que o derivado imobilizado possui maior atividade que a LPP livre a 50 °C, favorecendo a utilização deste suporte em processos industriais de biodiesel que opera em altas temperaturas. Neste contexto, a síntese de suportes magnéticos porosos e a imobilização de lipases com este suporte, apresentou excelentes resultados para a aplicação em biocatálise na reação de transesterificação para a síntese de biodiesel.
Enzymes are expensive catalysts, immobilization is necessary for recovery and reuse making the process economically viable. Furthermore, use of immobilized enzymes can simplify model reactor and control reaction. Thus, immobilization is generally a requirement for use of the enzyme as an industrial biocatalyst. The choice of support for biocatalysts immobilization depends on properties of enzyme to be immobilized. Solid supports can interact with enzyme in different ways: by adsorption, covalent bonding or encapsulation. An important factor to immobilize the enzyme is that support must be inert and biocompatible to environment; it should not interfere in native structure of protein and not compromising their biological activity. The main enzymes, lipases hydrolyze triglycerides (TAG) to glycerol and fatty acids and for this reason; they are in the class of hydrolases. These enzymes are carboxylesterases that catalyze hydrolysis in glycerides synthesis. A proposal for immobilization of these enzymes is use of magnetic nanostructures in biocatalysts transesterification reaction for producing biodiesel due to ease and rapid separation of immobilized enzyme, from a mixture reaction using an external magnetic field. The benefits of immobilized enzymes compared to free enzymes arise from their greater stability and ease of separation, which leads to significant savings in the overall cost of the process, provided that immobilization procedure is not very expensive, there is good recovery of enzyme activity, and operational stability of immobilized enzyme is sufficiently long. The use of immobilized enzymes allow retention of biocatalyst in reactor; high concentration of catalyst in reactor to intensify the process; control of microenvironment of enzyme; ease of recovery and reuse of catalyst, which reduces the costs of enzymes; possibility of being used in continuous systems. Using the technique of X-ray diffraction was confirmed magnetite phase in syntheses proposed: co-precipitation method and organic solvent. The functionalization of surface NP and SP with APTS confirmed by spectroscopy in infrared region, with bands of -NH2. The DLS technique proved the functionalization, the increase of hydrodynamic diameters NP-APTS samples and SP-APTS compared to NP and SP. The isoelectric point of SP and SP-APTS samples increased by 2.33 to 6.44. The immobilized derivative showed typical bands of amides. Immobilized lipases showed higher hydrodynamic diameters NP-APTS and SP-APTS. The results of hydrolytic activity of supported enzymes were satisfactory and SP-APTS-LPP showed higher activity. By thermogravimetric analysis, it was shown immobilization yield 22.86%. It was determined the pH optimum of immobilized lipase showed highest activity at pH 8 while the LPP free at pH 6.5. The optimum temperature measurements demonstrated that immobilized derivative is more active than free LPP at 50 ° C, favoring the use of support in industrial processes of biodiesel, which operates at high temperatures. In this context, the synthesis of porous magnetic support and immobilization of lipases showed excellent results for use in biocatalysis in transesterification reaction for biodiesel synthesis.
Enzymes are expensive catalysts, immobilization is necessary for recovery and reuse making the process economically viable. Furthermore, use of immobilized enzymes can simplify model reactor and control reaction. Thus, immobilization is generally a requirement for use of the enzyme as an industrial biocatalyst. The choice of support for biocatalysts immobilization depends on properties of enzyme to be immobilized. Solid supports can interact with enzyme in different ways: by adsorption, covalent bonding or encapsulation. An important factor to immobilize the enzyme is that support must be inert and biocompatible to environment; it should not interfere in native structure of protein and not compromising their biological activity. The main enzymes, lipases hydrolyze triglycerides (TAG) to glycerol and fatty acids and for this reason; they are in the class of hydrolases. These enzymes are carboxylesterases that catalyze hydrolysis in glycerides synthesis. A proposal for immobilization of these enzymes is use of magnetic nanostructures in biocatalysts transesterification reaction for producing biodiesel due to ease and rapid separation of immobilized enzyme, from a mixture reaction using an external magnetic field. The benefits of immobilized enzymes compared to free enzymes arise from their greater stability and ease of separation, which leads to significant savings in the overall cost of the process, provided that immobilization procedure is not very expensive, there is good recovery of enzyme activity, and operational stability of immobilized enzyme is sufficiently long. The use of immobilized enzymes allow retention of biocatalyst in reactor; high concentration of catalyst in reactor to intensify the process; control of microenvironment of enzyme; ease of recovery and reuse of catalyst, which reduces the costs of enzymes; possibility of being used in continuous systems. Using the technique of X-ray diffraction was confirmed magnetite phase in syntheses proposed: co-precipitation method and organic solvent. The functionalization of surface NP and SP with APTS confirmed by spectroscopy in infrared region, with bands of -NH2. The DLS technique proved the functionalization, the increase of hydrodynamic diameters NP-APTS samples and SP-APTS compared to NP and SP. The isoelectric point of SP and SP-APTS samples increased by 2.33 to 6.44. The immobilized derivative showed typical bands of amides. Immobilized lipases showed higher hydrodynamic diameters NP-APTS and SP-APTS. The results of hydrolytic activity of supported enzymes were satisfactory and SP-APTS-LPP showed higher activity. By thermogravimetric analysis, it was shown immobilization yield 22.86%. It was determined the pH optimum of immobilized lipase showed highest activity at pH 8 while the LPP free at pH 6.5. The optimum temperature measurements demonstrated that immobilized derivative is more active than free LPP at 50 ° C, favoring the use of support in industrial processes of biodiesel, which operates at high temperatures. In this context, the synthesis of porous magnetic support and immobilization of lipases showed excellent results for use in biocatalysis in transesterification reaction for biodiesel synthesis.
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Palavras-chave
Nanopartículas magnéticas, Imobilização de enzimas, Biodiesel, Magnetic nanoparticles, Enzymes immobilization