Rotação e técnicas de manejo de biomassa em sistema plantio direto no cultivo de soja e milho
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Data
2016-04-05
Autores
Ravelli, Marcelo Boamorte [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Espécies forrageiras para o Sistema Plantio Direto são de grande interesse técnico e econômico, pois se apresentam como opções para a formação de pastagens e adubação verde conjuntamente com a rotação de culturas em uma mesma área e mesma estação. O objetivo do experimento foi obter informações quanto às melhores alternativas para o Sistema Plantio Direto em Jaboticabal/SP, região de clima subtropical úmido com estiagem no inverno. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico, no período de 2011 a 2014. Avaliou-se as culturas do milho e soja em Sistema Plantio Direto, em diferentes manejos de culturas de cobertura do solo, bem como a rotação de culturas. As culturas de cobertura utilizadas foram: milheto e braquiária (1° ano) antecedendo o milho; o milheto (2° ano) antecedendo a soja; e três espécies de braquiárias (3° ano) antecedendo o milho. Analisaram-se parâmetros relacionados ao solo, como teor de água, densidade e resistência à penetração; nas plantas, emergência, estandes e produtividade e na operação de semeadura, distribuição longitudinal de plântulas e demanda energética. No primeiro ano houve maior consumo horário para o manejo com rolo-facas, e o consumo operacional para a cobertura com a cultura da braquiária; a semeadura de milho com espaçamento entrelinhas de 0,90 m demandou menor força, potência e consumo, aliado à mesma produtividade do espaçamento de 0,45 m. O segundo ano do experimento foi caracterizado pela produção de matéria seca abaixo da média; para os diferentes manejos sobre a cobertura do milheto houve decomposição homogênea entre os manejos nas áreas experimentais, não havendo influencia pelos tratamentos realizados. No terceiro ano onde foram testadas diferentes espécies de braquiárias, a B. ruzizienses se destacou em formação de matéria seca, afetando a qualidade da distribuição das sementes de milho na semeadura, aumentando as falhas e espaçamentos duplos, porém houve maior produtividade final; os tratamentos com diferentes velocidades mostraram que menores velocidade garantem melhor qualidade na operação de semeadura, o que é refletido diretamente na produtividade da área. Recomenda-se o sistema plantio direto para a região de Jaboticabal/SP do ponto de vista de produtividade das culturas de verão e conservação dos recursos naturais.
Forage species for no-tillage system represents great technical and economic interests, as they are presented as options for cattle pasture and green fertilizer along with crop rotation in the same area and weather station. The general object of the experiment was to obtain information on the best alternatives for the no-tillage system in Jaboticabal / SP, of humid subtropical climate region with drought in the winter. The experiment was conducted over Oxisoil, during the period 2011 to 2014. The objective was to evaluate corn and soybean crops under no-tillage technique with different managements and rotation of cover crops. Cover crops were: millet and brachiaria (1st year) preceding corn; millet (2nd year) preceding soybean ; and three species of Brachiaria (3rd year) preceding corn. It was analyzed parameters related to soil, like water content, density and mechanical resistance to penetration; for plants, emergency, stands and productivity; and for sowing operation, longitudinal distribution of seedlings and energy demand. In the first year there was a higher consumption for handling cover crops with roll-choper, and also for parameter operating consumption over the culture of brachiaria; corn planting with row spacing of 0.90 m demanded lower traction force, power and consumption, but combined with the same productivity of the reduced spacing (0.45 m). The second year of the experiment was characterized by dry matter production below average; the different managements on millet cover was homogeneous breakdown among managements in the experimental areas, with no influence by the treatments performed. In the third year, B. ruzizienses stood out for dry matter formation, affecting the quality of maize seed distribution at sowing, increasing plant failures and double spacing, but there was a higher end productivity; treatments with different speeds showed that lower speed guarantee best quality in sowing operation, which is reflected directly in the productivity of the area. We recommend no-tillage system for the region of Jaboticabal/SP from the standpoint of productivity of summer crops and conservation of natural resources.
Forage species for no-tillage system represents great technical and economic interests, as they are presented as options for cattle pasture and green fertilizer along with crop rotation in the same area and weather station. The general object of the experiment was to obtain information on the best alternatives for the no-tillage system in Jaboticabal / SP, of humid subtropical climate region with drought in the winter. The experiment was conducted over Oxisoil, during the period 2011 to 2014. The objective was to evaluate corn and soybean crops under no-tillage technique with different managements and rotation of cover crops. Cover crops were: millet and brachiaria (1st year) preceding corn; millet (2nd year) preceding soybean ; and three species of Brachiaria (3rd year) preceding corn. It was analyzed parameters related to soil, like water content, density and mechanical resistance to penetration; for plants, emergency, stands and productivity; and for sowing operation, longitudinal distribution of seedlings and energy demand. In the first year there was a higher consumption for handling cover crops with roll-choper, and also for parameter operating consumption over the culture of brachiaria; corn planting with row spacing of 0.90 m demanded lower traction force, power and consumption, but combined with the same productivity of the reduced spacing (0.45 m). The second year of the experiment was characterized by dry matter production below average; the different managements on millet cover was homogeneous breakdown among managements in the experimental areas, with no influence by the treatments performed. In the third year, B. ruzizienses stood out for dry matter formation, affecting the quality of maize seed distribution at sowing, increasing plant failures and double spacing, but there was a higher end productivity; treatments with different speeds showed that lower speed guarantee best quality in sowing operation, which is reflected directly in the productivity of the area. We recommend no-tillage system for the region of Jaboticabal/SP from the standpoint of productivity of summer crops and conservation of natural resources.
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Palavras-chave
Cobertura vegetal, Manejo de cobertura, Semeadura direta, Semeadura de grãos, Cover crop, Cover management, No-tillage, Grain sowing