Gestão ambiental e o meio urbano do município de Franca: uma abordagem a partir da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos
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2016-04-08
Autores
Pereira, Wanderlei Donizete [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Tendo como escopo principal, a Lei n. 12.305, de 02 de agosto de 2010, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, a qual delega aos Estados e Municípios a necessidade de adequação às diretrizes propostas para a regulamentação do referido tema, este trabalho tem como objetivo central, analisar a atual situação do município de Franca em relação à sua política de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Embora o objetivo central da pesquisa esteja situado na esfera local, sua estruturação é pautada no estudo das mudanças e influências que se iniciam no âmbito global, cujo recorte cronológico se inicia na década de 1970, período em que se aprofundaram as discussões sobre a necessidade de preservação dos recursos naturais do planeta, passando-se pela década de 90, onde importantes eventos ambientais mundiais ocorreram, até chegar ao presente momento, com a intensa discussão dos planos municipais de gestão de resíduos sólidos. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método do Estudo de Caso, com embasamento na pesquisa exploratória, tanto do ponto de vista histórico, quanto documental, vinculada ao referido município. Em termos de procedimentos metodológicos buscou-se, o levantamento de um referencial bibliográfico de fontes nacionais, estaduais e municipais composto por livros, artigos, jornais, relatórios, leis, aplicação de questionários e visitas técnicas e, com base nisto, a descrição, dedutivamente, do processo que desencadeou na estruturação das ações voltadas para a implementação de políticas públicas ambientais de resíduos sólidos urbanos no município de Franca. No que se refere aos aspectos globais analisados na pesquisa, a partir da síntese histórica iniciada na década de 1970, os resultados demonstraram ser aquele o momento em que o processo de deterioração e escassez dos recursos naturais do planeta se tornou mais visível. Sendo assim, consubstanciou-se no período, um novo posicionamento em relação ao modo de tratamento desta questão. A partir dessa nova perspectiva, surgiram os debates apresentados durante uma série de conferências internacionais, dos quais, resultaram nas diretrizes para a formulação do embasamento legal e das políticas públicas ambientais atualmente existentes. No âmbito local, observou-se que ao longo desse período, influenciado por esta nova mentalidade, o município de Franca aprimorou seu modelo de gestão de resíduos sólidos. Assim, partindo-se de um sistema de gestão inadequado, no qual os resíduos sólidos eram vistos como os materiais ideais para “encobrir” as erosões incidentes no seu espaço urbano, Franca implantou o modelo recomendado pelos órgãos ambientais estaduais e nacionais, por meio da elaboração de leis específicas e de investimentos em um aterro sanitário compatível com as principais legislações previstas para normatizar esse problema. Contudo, com o advento da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (quando parte dos conceitos apreendidos ao longo de décadas em relação aos significados de lixo, resíduos e rejeitos, bem como o próprio modo de gestão praticado até então, são totalmente revistos) a qual passou a exigir dos stakeholders e da sociedade como um todo, uma nova postura em termos de geração e destinação racional de resíduos, a realidade do município de Franca, não diferente do restante do país, apresenta poucos avanços concretos no que se refere à sua adequação à referida lei.
Having as main scope the law No. 12305, August 2, 2010, which established the Solid National Waste Policy, which delegates to states and municipalities the need to adapt to the proposed guidelines for the regulation of that subject, this work has as main objective, to analyze the current situation of the municipality of Franca concerning its solid waste municipal politics. Although the research main objective is within the local sphere, its structure is based on the study of the changes and influences that start in the global scope, which begins in early 1970, when complex discussions regarding the need for conservation of natural resources of the planet took place; going through the nineties, when important environmental events around the world occurred and up to the present time, with an intense discussion on the subject of the municipal solid waste management plans. So, the case study method was used based on exploratory research of the referred municipality, including both the historical point of view as well as the documentary. In terms of methodological procedures it was performed a bibliographic reference reference of national, state and municipal sources consisting of books, articles, papers, reports, laws, questionnaires and technical visits. On this basis, it was performed the deductively description of the process, which triggered in the structuring of actions towards the implementation of environmental public policies of municipal solid waste in the municipality of Franca. As regards the global aspects analyzed in the research, based on the historical synthesis which started in the seventies, the results proved that it was when the process of deterioration and scarcity of natural resources of the planet became more noticeable. Therefore, it was led a new positioning in relation to the treatment of this question in the mentioned period. From this new perspective, it was held discussions during a series of international conferences, resulting in the guidelines for the formulation of current legal base and of environmental public policies. At a local level, it was observed that throughout this period, influenced by this new mindset, the municipality of Franca improved its solid waste management approach. Thus, having at the beginning an inadequate management system in which solid wastes were seen as the ideal materials to "cover up" the erosions incidents in its urban space, Franca has implemented the model recommended by the State and National environmental agencies through the drafting of proper laws, as well as investments in a landfill following the major available legislations concerning this issue. However, with the National Solid Waste Policy creation (when part of the learned concepts throughout decades concerning the meanings of trash, waste and tailings, as well as the management model practiced up to now are fully revised), it was required from the stakeholders and society as a whole, a new attitude in terms of production and rational disposal of residues. On the other hand, the reality of Franca municipality is not so different from the other parts of the country, as it shows few concrete improvements with regard to its suitability to the aforementioned law.
Having as main scope the law No. 12305, August 2, 2010, which established the Solid National Waste Policy, which delegates to states and municipalities the need to adapt to the proposed guidelines for the regulation of that subject, this work has as main objective, to analyze the current situation of the municipality of Franca concerning its solid waste municipal politics. Although the research main objective is within the local sphere, its structure is based on the study of the changes and influences that start in the global scope, which begins in early 1970, when complex discussions regarding the need for conservation of natural resources of the planet took place; going through the nineties, when important environmental events around the world occurred and up to the present time, with an intense discussion on the subject of the municipal solid waste management plans. So, the case study method was used based on exploratory research of the referred municipality, including both the historical point of view as well as the documentary. In terms of methodological procedures it was performed a bibliographic reference reference of national, state and municipal sources consisting of books, articles, papers, reports, laws, questionnaires and technical visits. On this basis, it was performed the deductively description of the process, which triggered in the structuring of actions towards the implementation of environmental public policies of municipal solid waste in the municipality of Franca. As regards the global aspects analyzed in the research, based on the historical synthesis which started in the seventies, the results proved that it was when the process of deterioration and scarcity of natural resources of the planet became more noticeable. Therefore, it was led a new positioning in relation to the treatment of this question in the mentioned period. From this new perspective, it was held discussions during a series of international conferences, resulting in the guidelines for the formulation of current legal base and of environmental public policies. At a local level, it was observed that throughout this period, influenced by this new mindset, the municipality of Franca improved its solid waste management approach. Thus, having at the beginning an inadequate management system in which solid wastes were seen as the ideal materials to "cover up" the erosions incidents in its urban space, Franca has implemented the model recommended by the State and National environmental agencies through the drafting of proper laws, as well as investments in a landfill following the major available legislations concerning this issue. However, with the National Solid Waste Policy creation (when part of the learned concepts throughout decades concerning the meanings of trash, waste and tailings, as well as the management model practiced up to now are fully revised), it was required from the stakeholders and society as a whole, a new attitude in terms of production and rational disposal of residues. On the other hand, the reality of Franca municipality is not so different from the other parts of the country, as it shows few concrete improvements with regard to its suitability to the aforementioned law.
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Palavras-chave
Resíduos sólidos urbanos, Município de Franca, Políticas públicas ambientais, Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, Urban solid waste, Municipality of Franca, Environmental public policies, National Solid Waste Policy