Efeito da época da queima na dinâmica de campo sujo de Cerrado
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Data
2016-05-20
Autores
Rissi, Mariana Ninno [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Queimadas descontroladas e de grandes proporções estão entre as principais ameaças à biodiversidade do Cerrado. A época da queima é um dos elementos do regime do fogo, e estudos sobre seus efeitos na dinâmica da vegetação pós-fogo podem auxiliar no uso de queimas prescritas como ferramenta de manejo. Desta forma, o objetivo desta tese foi avaliar os resultados da época da queima no comportamento do fogo e na dinâmica da vegetação herbácea-arbustiva de uma área de campo sujo. Os experimentos foram realizados na Reserva Natural Serra do Tombador (Goiás). Primeiramente, comparamos o comportamento do fogo nas diferentes épocas de queima, dando subsídios para seu uso como ferramenta de manejo. Além disso, investigamos o efeito das épocas de queima nos padrões de recuperação/acumulação da biomassa (total, morta e viva), na fenologia (da comunidade e dos grupos funcionais: graminóides, herbáceas não graminóides e arbustos) e na dinâmica dos diferentes elementos da vegetação herbácea-arbustiva (solo nu, biomassa morta, graminóides, herbáceas e arbustos). Para tal, parcelas experimentais (30x30m) foram estabelecidas e queimadas em maio (queima precoce, início da estação seca), julho (queima modal, meio da estação seca), outubro (queima tardia, final da seca) e controle (não queimada, 4 réplicas/tratamento, total de 16 parcelas). Dentro de cada parcela experimental, dez subparcelas foram sorteadas e estabelecidas (1x1m) para análise da dinâmica e acompanhamento do padrão fenológico pós-fogo. As coletas de biomassa foram realizadas em cinco subparcelas de (0,5x0,5m), sorteadas aleatoriamente na borda das parcelas. O comportamento do fogo (ex: intensidade, taxa de propagação e altura da chama) não diferiu entre as épocas da queima, mas a porcentagem de material combustível morto foi maior no meio (modal) e final da seca (tardia). O material combustível total e a sua composição (porcentagem de material combustível morto) foram os parâmetros que melhor explicaram a intensidade do fogo. A regeneração da biomassa viva não foi afetada por nenhuma época da queima, enquanto que as diferenças na composição da biomassa (entre parcelas queimadas e controle) foi guiada pela quantidade de biomassa morta. A acumulação de biomassa entre as parcelas controles e queimadas foi diferente apenas no primeiro ano após a queima. No entanto, os padrões de biomassa total, viva e morta ao longo do tempo não foram afetados pela época da queima. Quanto à fenologia, queimas precoces promoveram uma maior floração da comunidade, principalmente de graminóides, logo após a queima, enquanto que nas queimas modais mais arbustos floresceram (ao longo do primeiro ano após a queima) e mais espécies frutificaram após um ano. Nas parcelas de queimas tardias mais espécies da comunidade e arbusto floresceram ao longo do ano e mais espécies frutificaram nove meses e um ano após a queima. Além disso, as respostas das espécies após o fogo foram distintas e pudemos agrupá-las de acordo com os padrões de floração pós-queima. A dinâmica da vegetação herbácea parece estar relacionada com a sazonalidade (época seca e chuvosa), em geral a época da queima não modificou os padrões de cobertura, riqueza e diversidade, sugerindo que em curto prazo a época da queima exerce efeitos sutis na dinâmica desta vegetação. Os resultados deste estudo poderão auxiliar na compreensão do comportamento do fogo e da dinâmica da vegetação nas diferentes épocas de queima, auxiliando na elaboração de planos de manejo nos quais o fogo possa ser uma alternativa para o manejo da vegetação campo sujo de Cerrado.
Uncontrolled wildfires are one of the major threats to Cerrado biodiversity. Fire season is a component of fire regime and studies regarding fire season effects on vegetation dynamics can provide information on whether fire should be used as a management tool. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fire season on fire behavior and the dynamics of the herbaceous vegetation in a campo sujo area. The study was conducted at the Reserva Serra do do Tombador (Goiás). We first compared fire behavior in each fire season, aiming to provide information for the use of fire as a management tool. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of fire season in the patterns of biomass regeneration/accumulation (total, dead and live), phenology (community and functional groups: graminoids, forbs and shrubs) and in the dynamics of the different components of the herbaceous vegetation (bare soil, dead biomass, graminoids, forbs and shrubs). For such, plots (30 x 30 m) were established and burned in May (early-, at the beginning of the dry season), July (mid- , at the middle of the dry season), October (late-dry season fire, at the end of the dry season) and control (unburned, C, 4 replicates/treatment; total of 16 plots). In each plot, we randomly established and fixed ten subplots (1x1m) for the vegetation dynamics and phenology studies. Biomass sampling was done in five subplots (0.5x0.5m) randomly established in each plot. Fire behavior (e.g.: fire intensity, rate of spread and flame height) did not differ between fire seasons, but percentage of dead fuel was greater in the mid and late-dry season fires. Fire intensity was mainly influenced by the combination of percentage of dead fuel and fuel load. Live biomass regeneration was not affected by any fire season, while differences in total biomass composition (between control and burned areas) were mainly driven by dead biomass. Differences in biomass accumulation were observed only in the first year after fire. Moreover, the patterns of total, live and dead biomass were not affected by fire season. Regarding species’ phenology, early- dry season fires enhanced flowering in more species just after fire, especially for graminoids, while mid and latedry season fires enhanced flowering of species throughout the first year, mainly shrubs. Moreover, responses to fire and to fire seasons were not similar among species; they were grouped according to their flowering patterns after fire. Herbaceous layer dynamics changed mainly due to seasonality (between dry and rainy season), in general fire season did not change the patterns of cover, richness and diversity, suggesting that in short-time fire season has little effects on herbaceous vegetation dynamics. The results of this study provide information on the understanding of fire season and its effects on both fire behavior and vegetation dynamics, helping the development of management plans where fire could be used as an alternative to the management of Cerrado vegetation.
Uncontrolled wildfires are one of the major threats to Cerrado biodiversity. Fire season is a component of fire regime and studies regarding fire season effects on vegetation dynamics can provide information on whether fire should be used as a management tool. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fire season on fire behavior and the dynamics of the herbaceous vegetation in a campo sujo area. The study was conducted at the Reserva Serra do do Tombador (Goiás). We first compared fire behavior in each fire season, aiming to provide information for the use of fire as a management tool. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of fire season in the patterns of biomass regeneration/accumulation (total, dead and live), phenology (community and functional groups: graminoids, forbs and shrubs) and in the dynamics of the different components of the herbaceous vegetation (bare soil, dead biomass, graminoids, forbs and shrubs). For such, plots (30 x 30 m) were established and burned in May (early-, at the beginning of the dry season), July (mid- , at the middle of the dry season), October (late-dry season fire, at the end of the dry season) and control (unburned, C, 4 replicates/treatment; total of 16 plots). In each plot, we randomly established and fixed ten subplots (1x1m) for the vegetation dynamics and phenology studies. Biomass sampling was done in five subplots (0.5x0.5m) randomly established in each plot. Fire behavior (e.g.: fire intensity, rate of spread and flame height) did not differ between fire seasons, but percentage of dead fuel was greater in the mid and late-dry season fires. Fire intensity was mainly influenced by the combination of percentage of dead fuel and fuel load. Live biomass regeneration was not affected by any fire season, while differences in total biomass composition (between control and burned areas) were mainly driven by dead biomass. Differences in biomass accumulation were observed only in the first year after fire. Moreover, the patterns of total, live and dead biomass were not affected by fire season. Regarding species’ phenology, early- dry season fires enhanced flowering in more species just after fire, especially for graminoids, while mid and latedry season fires enhanced flowering of species throughout the first year, mainly shrubs. Moreover, responses to fire and to fire seasons were not similar among species; they were grouped according to their flowering patterns after fire. Herbaceous layer dynamics changed mainly due to seasonality (between dry and rainy season), in general fire season did not change the patterns of cover, richness and diversity, suggesting that in short-time fire season has little effects on herbaceous vegetation dynamics. The results of this study provide information on the understanding of fire season and its effects on both fire behavior and vegetation dynamics, helping the development of management plans where fire could be used as an alternative to the management of Cerrado vegetation.
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Palavras-chave
Ecologia vegetal, Ecologia do fogo, Manejo