Estudo da correlação entre os modelos de encruamento e as características cristalográficas em aços avançados de alta resistência submetidos ao efeito springback
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Data
2016-07-11
Autores
Silva, Erika Aparecida da [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Diante da necessidade da produção de novos materiais para a indústria automotiva com melhores performances aliada à preocupação com as questões ambientais, visando a redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis, surgiram, a partir da década de 1990, os aços avançados de alta resistência (AHSS), os quais conciliam uma pequena espessura da chapa e alta resistência mecânica. Porém, a produção em massa de componentes estruturais é limitada devido aos desafios na conformabilidade e união de chapas devido ao retorno elástico, conhecido como efeito springback. O presente trabalho avaliou 10 tipos de aços amplamente utilizados pela indústria automotiva, os quais estão agrupados em aços bifásicos, aços baixo carbono, aços endurecíveis após pintura e aços com interstícios livres. Todos esses materiais foram submetidos à caracterização mecânica e microestrutural por meio de determinação de composição química, ensaios de tração, ensaios de dureza e nanodureza, ensaios de dobramento de três pontos ao ar, análises de difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD) e simulação de dobramento mecânico pelo método de elementos finitos (MEF) em software ABAQUS. Com os resultados provenientes do MEF, foi possível identificar as diferenças nos perfis anisotrópicos de cada material e correlacionar cada perfil com as características cristalográficas analisadas por meio de EBSD. Assim, foi possível compreender a variação no grau de springback com base na estrutura do retículo cristalino, uma vez que as diferenças estruturais do retículo cristalino são as responsáveis pelas diferentes respostas mecânicas. Concluiu-se que o modelo de encruamento isotrópico utilizado no MEF foi eficiente na determinação do perfil anisotrópico dos materiais, porém para uma perfeita acurácia na previsão e eliminação do springback, faz-se necessária a utilização do modelo de encruamento cinemático aliado ao uso de contrapunção nos ensaios experimentais.
In face of the need of the production of new materials for the automotive industry with better performance allied to the concern with environmental issues, aiming to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, emerged from the decade of 1990, the advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), which reconcile a small sheet thickness and high mechanical resistance. However, the mass production of structural components is limited due to the challenges in conformability and union of sheets due to elastic return, known as springback effect. The present work has evaluated 10 types of steels are widely used in the automotive industry, which are grouped into biphasic steels, low carbon steels, bake hardening steels and interstitial free steels. All these materials were submitted to mechanical and microstructural characterization through determination of chemical composition, tensile tests, hardness Vickers tests and nanoindentation tests, sheet metal forming through three points bending in air, analyzes of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and simulation of sheet metal forming by finite elements method (MEF) in ABAQUS software. With the results from the MEF, it was possible to identify the differences in anisotropic profiles of each material and correlate each profile with the crystallographic characteristics analyzed through EBSD. Thus, it was possible to understand the variation in degree of springback based on the structure of the crystal lattice, once the structural differences of crystal lattice are responsible for different mechanical responses. It was concluded that the model of isotropic hardening used in MEF was efficient in determining the anisotropic profile of materials, however for a perfect accuracy in prediction and elimination of springback, it is necessary to use a model of kinematic hardening allied to the use of counter-punch in experimental sheet metal forming.
In face of the need of the production of new materials for the automotive industry with better performance allied to the concern with environmental issues, aiming to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, emerged from the decade of 1990, the advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), which reconcile a small sheet thickness and high mechanical resistance. However, the mass production of structural components is limited due to the challenges in conformability and union of sheets due to elastic return, known as springback effect. The present work has evaluated 10 types of steels are widely used in the automotive industry, which are grouped into biphasic steels, low carbon steels, bake hardening steels and interstitial free steels. All these materials were submitted to mechanical and microstructural characterization through determination of chemical composition, tensile tests, hardness Vickers tests and nanoindentation tests, sheet metal forming through three points bending in air, analyzes of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and simulation of sheet metal forming by finite elements method (MEF) in ABAQUS software. With the results from the MEF, it was possible to identify the differences in anisotropic profiles of each material and correlate each profile with the crystallographic characteristics analyzed through EBSD. Thus, it was possible to understand the variation in degree of springback based on the structure of the crystal lattice, once the structural differences of crystal lattice are responsible for different mechanical responses. It was concluded that the model of isotropic hardening used in MEF was efficient in determining the anisotropic profile of materials, however for a perfect accuracy in prediction and elimination of springback, it is necessary to use a model of kinematic hardening allied to the use of counter-punch in experimental sheet metal forming.
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Palavras-chave
Springback, Método de elementos finitos, EBSD, Aços avançados de alta resistência, Indústria automobilística, Conformação, Finite element method, Advanced high strength steels, Automotive industry, Forming