Etapas do beneficiamento na qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de capim-colonião
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Data
2016-06-08
Autores
Melo, Lilian Faria de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As sementes de gramíneas forrageiras recebidas pelas empresas após a colheita contêm impurezas cuja remoção é realizada por máquinas de beneficiamento. Este procedimento é necessário para a obtenção de sementes dentro dos padrões de qualidade para a comercialização e a semeadura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das etapas de beneficiamento na qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de Panicum maximum cultivares Tanzânia, Mombaça e Massai. As sementes foram amostradas antes do processamento e após a saída da máquina de ar e peneiras (descarga das peneiras superior, intermediária e fundo), primeira mesa gravitacional (deriva, descarga superior e intermediária), máquina tratadora e segunda mesa gravitacional (descarga superior, intermediária e inferior). As sementes foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de água, qualidade física (pureza e peso de mil sementes), fisiológica (germinação, primeira contagem, classificação do vigor de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento de plântulas, emergência de plântulas em campo e índice de velocidade de emergência) e sanitária (Blotter Test). O beneficiamento de sementes na máquina de ar e peneiras e mesa gravitacional é eficiente para o aprimoramento da qualidade física dos lotes das três cultivares de Panicum maximum e fisiológica somente para as cultivares Mombaça e Massai. O tratamento das sementes de Panicum maximum cultivar Tanzânia com tinta corante reduz a velocidade de emergência de plântulas em campo. Tendo como referência os padrões de comercialização nacional de sementes, o beneficiamento é necessário somente para o lote da cultivar Mombaça, para atender aos requisitos de pureza. Os fungos encontrados nas sementes de Panicum maximum cultivares Tanzânia, Mombaça e Massai durante o beneficiamento foram: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Epicoccum sp., Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp. e Rhizopus sp.. Foi encontrado também para a cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça o fungo Rhizoctonia sp., Microspora sp., Pyrenochaeta sp. para as cultivares Mombaça e Massai, e Nigrospora sp. somente para a cultivar Massai. Esses fungos encontram-se alojados interna e externamente nas sementes e podem ser disseminados pelas máquinas de beneficiamento. Algumas etapas de beneficiamento são capazes de reduzir parcialmente a incidência de alguns fungos.
The harvested seeds upon being received by the forage grass company, are found to be contaminated with impurities which are removable by processing machines. This procedure is necessary to produce seeds of a quality level within standards established for commercialization and sowing purposes The objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of processing phases on the physical, physiological and physiological quality of guinea grass cv. Tânzania, Mombaça and Massai (Panicum maximum) seeds for commercialization purposes. Seeds were sampled before processing and after leaving the air and screen machine (upper and intermediary screens and bottom); first gravity table (drift, upper and intermediate spouts); treating machine; second gravity table (upper, intermediate, and lower spouts). Seeds were evaluated as to water content, physical quality (purity and 1,000 seeds weight) and physiological (germination, first count of germination, seedling vigor classification, accelerated aging, primary root length, aerial part length, seedling emergence in the field, and speed of emergence index). The sanitary test was conducted according to the filter paper method (Blotter test) with the seeds being superficially disinfested. The processing of seeds in the air screen cleaner and gravity table is effective to improve the physical quality of batches of three cultivars of Panicum maximum and physiological only for Mombaça and Massai cultivars. Seed treatment with dye ink reduces the speed of emergence seedling field. With reference to the national marketing standards of seeds, processing is only necessary to cv. Mombaça to meet the purity requirements. Fungi found in the seeds of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, Mombaça and Massai during processing were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Epicoccum sp., Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp. and Rhizopus sp. It was also found for the cultivars Tanzania and Mombaça fungus Rhizoctonia sp., Microspora sp., Pyrenochaeta sp. for Mombaça and Massai cultivars and Nigrospora sp. only to cultivate Massai. These fungi are internal and externally housed in the seeds and are disseminated by the processing machines. Some processing steps are able to partially reduce the incidence of some fungi.
The harvested seeds upon being received by the forage grass company, are found to be contaminated with impurities which are removable by processing machines. This procedure is necessary to produce seeds of a quality level within standards established for commercialization and sowing purposes The objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of processing phases on the physical, physiological and physiological quality of guinea grass cv. Tânzania, Mombaça and Massai (Panicum maximum) seeds for commercialization purposes. Seeds were sampled before processing and after leaving the air and screen machine (upper and intermediary screens and bottom); first gravity table (drift, upper and intermediate spouts); treating machine; second gravity table (upper, intermediate, and lower spouts). Seeds were evaluated as to water content, physical quality (purity and 1,000 seeds weight) and physiological (germination, first count of germination, seedling vigor classification, accelerated aging, primary root length, aerial part length, seedling emergence in the field, and speed of emergence index). The sanitary test was conducted according to the filter paper method (Blotter test) with the seeds being superficially disinfested. The processing of seeds in the air screen cleaner and gravity table is effective to improve the physical quality of batches of three cultivars of Panicum maximum and physiological only for Mombaça and Massai cultivars. Seed treatment with dye ink reduces the speed of emergence seedling field. With reference to the national marketing standards of seeds, processing is only necessary to cv. Mombaça to meet the purity requirements. Fungi found in the seeds of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, Mombaça and Massai during processing were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Epicoccum sp., Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp. and Rhizopus sp. It was also found for the cultivars Tanzania and Mombaça fungus Rhizoctonia sp., Microspora sp., Pyrenochaeta sp. for Mombaça and Massai cultivars and Nigrospora sp. only to cultivate Massai. These fungi are internal and externally housed in the seeds and are disseminated by the processing machines. Some processing steps are able to partially reduce the incidence of some fungi.
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Palavras-chave
Germinação, Panicum maximum, Patologia de sementes, Processamento, Pureza, Vigor, Germination, Seed pathology, Processing, Purity