Avaliação da viabilidade e aplicabilidade de macrófitas aquáticas para polimento de efluentes de estações de tratamento de esgoto doméstico – estudo em escala real
Data
2016-07-04
Autores
Affonseca, Mario Eduardo Pardini [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Vários estudos já foram realizados no Brasil, a grande maioria em escala de bancada, para avaliação da eficiência de remoção de nutrientes através do uso de macrófitas, atestando a sua viabilidade técnica. Os sistemas de tratamento de esgoto doméstico por lagoas não removem fósforo e nem a amônia, o que tem gerado uma série de problemas para atendimento às exigências legais brasileiras para a qualidade de corpos d’água que recebem esses efluentes. Além disso, o excesso de nutrientes ocasiona problemas ambientais que podem inviabilizar outros usos para esses recursos naturais. A ampla disseminação da tecnologia de tratamento por lagoas de estabilização se deu pelo baixo custo de implantação e operação, e pelos bons resultados para a remoção de parâmetros até o nível secundário. Portanto, o país possui um passivo ambiental significativo, o qual requer melhorias para que se ajuste à realidade que se busca alcançar com as restrições pelos órgãos ambientais e pelo arcabouço legal atualmente existente. Neste trabalho foram realizadas duas baterias de testes em escala real na Lagoa da Estação de Tratamento de Recreio, no Município de Charqueada, SP. Os testes foram feitos em dois períodos sazonais completamente distintos, e demonstraram que as variáveis ambientais como radiação solar, ventos e chuvas exercem influencia direta na capacidade de desenvolvimento e remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo para o grupo de macrófitas Lemnaceae, que se encontrava naturalmente instalado nesse sistema. Apesar disso, os resultados obtidos foram muito promissores, chegando a remoções médias de 75% para ambos os parâmetros, sendo os melhores resultados pontuais obtidos para a amônia. Outras constatações evidenciam a necessidade de aprofundamento quanto a melhor forma e periodicidade de manejo, considerando que não pode ser realizada retirada única com o risco de diminuir a capacidade de competitividade dessa macrófita com as algas, que também geraram impacto negativo nas remoções. Após essas constatações, foi realizado um estudo de viabilidade econômica, onde a alternativa de remoção de fósforo total por macrófitas considerou a mão-de-obra, periodicidade e destinação, com o diferencial de que a Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo adquiriu em 2013 um equipamento de baixo custo que permite compostar a massa retirada com o lodo do esgoto e dar uma destinação agrícola ao material final. O Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) foi positivo quando comparado à alternativa de implantar um sistema anexo à lagoa instalada, apenas para polimento; e comparado à implantação de um sistema compacto com remoção físico-química. Ambos os estudos foram analisados apenas para sistemas para remoção de fósforo total (PT), e não considerou a remoção de amônia.
Several studies have been conducted in Brazil, the vast majority in bench scale to evaluate the nutrient removal efficiency through the use of macrophytes, attesting to their technical feasibility. Domestic wastewater treatment systems for ponds do not remove phosphorus neither ammonia, which has generated a number of problems to meet the Brazilian legal requirements for the quality of water bodies receiving these effluents. Furthermore, the excess of nutrients causes environmental problems that may prevent other uses for these resources. The wide spread treatment technology by stabilization ponds was due to the low cost of deployment and operation, and the good results for the removal of parameters to the secondary level. Therefore, the country has a significant environmental liability, which requires improvements to fit the reality that seeks to achieve with the restrictions by environmental agencies and the currently existing legal framework. In this work were two full-scale test batteries in the Lagoon Recreational Treatment Plant in the Municipality of Recreio, SP. The tests were done in two completely different seasonal periods, and demonstrated that environmental variables such as solar radiation, wind and rain have a direct influence on the development capacity and nutrient removal for macrophyte group Lemnaceae which found itself naturally installed on this system . Nevertheless, the results were very promising, reaching mean removal of 75% for both parameters, with the best results obtained for specific ammonia. Other findings highlight the need for further development as the best way and management basis, considering that can not be performed only withdrawal at the risk of reducing the competitiveness capacity of water lettuce with algae, which also generated a negative impact on removals. Following these findings, a study was conducted of economic viability, where the alternative removal by macrophytes considered the hand labor, timing and allocation, with the difference that the Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo acquired in 2013 one low cost equipment that allows the compost mass withdrawal with sewage sludge and to an agricultural destination to the final material. The NPV was positive when compared to the alternative of deploying an attachment system the installed pond, only for polishing; and compared to the deployment of a compact system with physico-chemical removal. Both studies were analyzed only for systems for removal of PT and did not consider the removal of ammonia.
Several studies have been conducted in Brazil, the vast majority in bench scale to evaluate the nutrient removal efficiency through the use of macrophytes, attesting to their technical feasibility. Domestic wastewater treatment systems for ponds do not remove phosphorus neither ammonia, which has generated a number of problems to meet the Brazilian legal requirements for the quality of water bodies receiving these effluents. Furthermore, the excess of nutrients causes environmental problems that may prevent other uses for these resources. The wide spread treatment technology by stabilization ponds was due to the low cost of deployment and operation, and the good results for the removal of parameters to the secondary level. Therefore, the country has a significant environmental liability, which requires improvements to fit the reality that seeks to achieve with the restrictions by environmental agencies and the currently existing legal framework. In this work were two full-scale test batteries in the Lagoon Recreational Treatment Plant in the Municipality of Recreio, SP. The tests were done in two completely different seasonal periods, and demonstrated that environmental variables such as solar radiation, wind and rain have a direct influence on the development capacity and nutrient removal for macrophyte group Lemnaceae which found itself naturally installed on this system . Nevertheless, the results were very promising, reaching mean removal of 75% for both parameters, with the best results obtained for specific ammonia. Other findings highlight the need for further development as the best way and management basis, considering that can not be performed only withdrawal at the risk of reducing the competitiveness capacity of water lettuce with algae, which also generated a negative impact on removals. Following these findings, a study was conducted of economic viability, where the alternative removal by macrophytes considered the hand labor, timing and allocation, with the difference that the Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo acquired in 2013 one low cost equipment that allows the compost mass withdrawal with sewage sludge and to an agricultural destination to the final material. The NPV was positive when compared to the alternative of deploying an attachment system the installed pond, only for polishing; and compared to the deployment of a compact system with physico-chemical removal. Both studies were analyzed only for systems for removal of PT and did not consider the removal of ammonia.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Lemnas, Remoção de nutrientes, Tratamento de esgoto doméstico, Duckweed, Nutrient removal, Wastewater treatment