As guerras de vingança e as relações internacionais: um diálogo com a antropologia política sobre os Tupi-Guarani e os Yanomami
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Data
2016-08-12
Autores
Palacios Junior, Alberto Montoya Correa [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Analisamos as guerras de vingança nos Tupi-Guarani e nos Yanomami e suas implicações para o estudo das guerras nas Relações Internacionais. A pertinência do tema para a área se justifica por três motivos: a) do ponto de vista diplomático-estratégico, as possibilidades de a vingança conformar “ciclos” que tendem a dilatar ou perpetuar as guerras, inibindo a resolução diplomática da contenda armada; b) do ponto de vista teórico-conceitual das RI, há poucas ferramentas analíticas pertinentes para o estudo desse fenômeno; c) as RI carecem de pesquisas sobre a manifestação cultural da guerra no contexto ameríndio. Para superar essas lacunas propomos um diálogo com a Antropologia política ameríndia, fértil em análises sobre o tema. Iniciamos a pesquisa pelo debate das “novas guerras”, em seguida, buscamos auxílio na Sociologia e na Antropologia política ameríndias para obtermos os insumos de análise. Adotamos as etnografias e etnologias de americanistas como fonte primária. As correntes antropológicas visitadas com maior intensidade foram o funcionalismo da guerra dos Tupinambá de Florestan Fernandes; a arqueologia da violência de Pierre Clastres e sua experiência entre os Guayaki-Aché; o perspectivismo ameríndio de Viveiros de Castro entre os Araweté; a economia da predação de Carlos Fausto entre os Parakanãs; e, por último, a economia da predação com David Kopenawa e Bruce Albert entre os Yanomami. Analisamos os mecanismos de interligação entre a vingança e a guerra em “ciclos de vingança” para buscar explicar as suas manifestações nas experiências dos Tupi-Guarani e dos Yanomami. Procuramos caracterizar conceitualmente o fenômeno da guerra de vingança para sua análise nas RI, articulando a vingança e a guerra em dois âmbitos: no âmbito intrassocietário os ideais coletivos de vingança, condensados em um sistema ideológico centrípeto ou centrífugo, galvanizam a lealdade para a guerra e justificam o sacrifício do inimigo; no âmbito intersocietário, os imperativos de vingança inibem a possibilidade de resolução diplomática da contenda armada entre os inimigos. Ao dialogarmos com a Antropologia política ameríndia, contribuímos para a compreensão, na área das Relações Internacionais, sobre as manifestações contemporâneas das guerras, para as quais a taxionomia e as categorias conceituais das novas guerras e das RI se mostram incompletas ou inapropriadas.
The author analyzes wars of revenge within the Tupi-Guarani and the Yanomami peoples as well as their implications for the study of wars in International Relations (IR). One can justify the relevance of this topic in the area for three reasons: a) from a diplomatic-strategic point of view, the possibility of revenge shaping “cycles”, which tend to prolong or perpetuate wars, hindering diplomatic resolution of the armed struggle; b) from IR’s theoretical-conceptual point of view, there are few relevant analytical tools for the study of this phenomenon; c) IR lacks research on the cultural demonstration of war in the Amerindian context. To overcome these gaps the author proposes a dialogue with Amerindian Political Anthropology, which has developed fruitful analyses of the topic. The author begins his research by discussing “new wars”. Next, he seeks help in Amerindian Sociology and Political Anthropology to gather inputs for his assessment. The author has adopted types of ethnography and ethnology used by Americanists as primary sources. The anthropological views most frequently used are: Florestan Fernandes’ functionalism of the Tupinambá Wars; Pierre Clastres’s archeology of violence and his experience among the Guayaki-Aché; Viveiros de Castro’s Amerindian perspectivism among the Araweté; Carlos Fausto’s economics of predation among the Parakanãs; and lastly, the economics of predation of David Kopenawa and Bruce Albert among the Yanomami. The author analyzes the connecting mechanisms between revenge and war in “revenge cycles” to try to explain their demonstration in the experiences of the Tupi-Guarani and the Yanomami. The author attempts to conceptually characterize the phenomenon of wars of revenge for an IR analysis, allotting revenge and war within two realms: within the intra-societal realm collective ideals of revenge, condensed in a centripetal or centrifugal ideological system, prompt loyalty in war and justify the enemy’s sacrifice; within the inter-society realm, imperatives of revenge hinder the possibility of diplomatic resolution of the armed struggle between enemies. When conversing with Amerindian Political Anthropology the author contributes to the understanding of contemporary demonstrations of war in the field of International Relations, for which both the taxonomy and the conceptual categories of new wars and IR are deemed incomplete or unsuitable.
The author analyzes wars of revenge within the Tupi-Guarani and the Yanomami peoples as well as their implications for the study of wars in International Relations (IR). One can justify the relevance of this topic in the area for three reasons: a) from a diplomatic-strategic point of view, the possibility of revenge shaping “cycles”, which tend to prolong or perpetuate wars, hindering diplomatic resolution of the armed struggle; b) from IR’s theoretical-conceptual point of view, there are few relevant analytical tools for the study of this phenomenon; c) IR lacks research on the cultural demonstration of war in the Amerindian context. To overcome these gaps the author proposes a dialogue with Amerindian Political Anthropology, which has developed fruitful analyses of the topic. The author begins his research by discussing “new wars”. Next, he seeks help in Amerindian Sociology and Political Anthropology to gather inputs for his assessment. The author has adopted types of ethnography and ethnology used by Americanists as primary sources. The anthropological views most frequently used are: Florestan Fernandes’ functionalism of the Tupinambá Wars; Pierre Clastres’s archeology of violence and his experience among the Guayaki-Aché; Viveiros de Castro’s Amerindian perspectivism among the Araweté; Carlos Fausto’s economics of predation among the Parakanãs; and lastly, the economics of predation of David Kopenawa and Bruce Albert among the Yanomami. The author analyzes the connecting mechanisms between revenge and war in “revenge cycles” to try to explain their demonstration in the experiences of the Tupi-Guarani and the Yanomami. The author attempts to conceptually characterize the phenomenon of wars of revenge for an IR analysis, allotting revenge and war within two realms: within the intra-societal realm collective ideals of revenge, condensed in a centripetal or centrifugal ideological system, prompt loyalty in war and justify the enemy’s sacrifice; within the inter-society realm, imperatives of revenge hinder the possibility of diplomatic resolution of the armed struggle between enemies. When conversing with Amerindian Political Anthropology the author contributes to the understanding of contemporary demonstrations of war in the field of International Relations, for which both the taxonomy and the conceptual categories of new wars and IR are deemed incomplete or unsuitable.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Guerra de vingança, Relações Internacionais, Antropologia política, Tupi-Guarani, Yanomami, Wars of revenge, International Relations, Political Anthropology, Tupi-Guarani, Yanomami