Reaproveitamento do glicerol bruto de usinas de biodiesel em processos fermentativos de geração de H2
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Data
2017-02-24
Autores
Santana, Kamili Oliveira [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O glicerol bruto é um coproduto formado em volumes elevados na produção do biodiesel pela rota de transesterificação (cerca de 10% do volume total). Quando utilizado na forma bruta (baixo grau de pureza) é uma matéria-prima barata e renovável, podendo ser utilizada na produção de energia limpa, como na geração de H2. Entretanto, esse resíduo geralmente apresenta concentrações elevadas de sabões e metanol advindos do processo de obtenção do biodiesel. Devido a isto, o glicerol bruto foi codigerido com esgoto sanitário doméstico como estratégia para melhorar o rendimento de H2, fornecer nutrientes e diluir compostos potencialmente inibitórios. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a geração de H2, Ácidos Graxos Voláteis (AGV’s) e álcoois em reatores anaeróbios em batelada utilizando glicerol bruto, sem a aplicação de meio de cultivo sintético. Foram utilizados consórcios de bactérias geradoras de H2 provenientes de sistemas biológicos de tratamento de resíduo de avícola. O glicerol utilizado nos experimentos foi obtido a partir de transesterificação do óleo de cozinha doméstico reciclado, e, devido a isto, suas características físico-químicas representaram um grande desafio, uma vez que possuía contaminantes em concentrações elevadas, incluindo sabões e metanol. Previamente foi realizada a caracterização do glicerol. Os reatores foram alimentados com glicerol bruto diluído em esgoto sanitário nas seguintes concentrações (g DQO L-1): 20, 40, 60, 80, 160, 240 e 320. A geração de H2 foi acompanhada por sistema de deslocamento de volume. Foram avaliadas a remoção da Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e o consumo do glicerol, além da análise morfológica e o plaqueamento dos consórcios de bactérias geradoras de H2 no final dos ensaios. A geração de H2 ocorreu em todos os reatores, no entanto, para cargas orgânicas mais elevadas foram observados menores rendimento de H2. Em contrapartida, a remoção da DQO aumentou com o aumento da carga orgânica aplicada, assim como as taxas de consumo de glicerol livre. Também ocorreu a mudança no perfil dos produtos orgânicos formados, passando da predominância de ácido butírico para ácido acético. Não foi detectada a presença CH4 nos reatores. Nas contagens das culturas por plaqueamento foram verificadas colônias de bactérias pertencentes aos gêneros Lactobacillus sp. e Clostridium sp.
Raw glycerol is a co-product formed at high volumes in biodiesel production by the transesterification route (about 10% of the total volume). When used in crude form (low purity) is a cheap and renewable raw material, and can be used in the production of clean energy, as in H2 generation. However, this residue usually presents high concentrations of soaps and methanol coming from the process of obtaining the biodiesel. Because of this, crude glycerol was co-digested with household sanitary sewage as a strategy to improve H2 yield, provide nutrients and dilute potentially inhibitory compounds. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the generation of H2, Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) and alcohols in anaerobic reactors in batch using crude glycerol, without the application of synthetic culture medium. Consortia of H2-generating bacteria from biological systems of treatment of poultry residue were used. The glycerol used in the experiments was obtained from transesterification of recycled cooking oil, and due to this, its physico-chemical characteristics presented a great challenge, since it had contaminants in high concentrations, including soaps and methanol. The characterization of glycerol was previously performed. The reactors were operated with crude glycerol diluted in sanitary sewage in the following concentrations (g COD L-1): 20, 40, 60, 80, 160, 240 and 320. The removal of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the consumption of glycerol were evaluated, as well as the morphological analysis and the plating of the consortia of bacteria generating H2. The H2 generation occurred in all reactors, however, for higher organic loads, lower H2 yields were observed. On the other hand, the removal of COD increased with the increase of the applied organic load, as well as the rates of consumption of free glycerol. There was also a change in the profile of the organic products formed, from the predominance of butyric acid to acetic acid. No CH4 presence was detected in the reactors. In the counts of the cultures by plating were verified colonies of bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp.
Raw glycerol is a co-product formed at high volumes in biodiesel production by the transesterification route (about 10% of the total volume). When used in crude form (low purity) is a cheap and renewable raw material, and can be used in the production of clean energy, as in H2 generation. However, this residue usually presents high concentrations of soaps and methanol coming from the process of obtaining the biodiesel. Because of this, crude glycerol was co-digested with household sanitary sewage as a strategy to improve H2 yield, provide nutrients and dilute potentially inhibitory compounds. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the generation of H2, Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) and alcohols in anaerobic reactors in batch using crude glycerol, without the application of synthetic culture medium. Consortia of H2-generating bacteria from biological systems of treatment of poultry residue were used. The glycerol used in the experiments was obtained from transesterification of recycled cooking oil, and due to this, its physico-chemical characteristics presented a great challenge, since it had contaminants in high concentrations, including soaps and methanol. The characterization of glycerol was previously performed. The reactors were operated with crude glycerol diluted in sanitary sewage in the following concentrations (g COD L-1): 20, 40, 60, 80, 160, 240 and 320. The removal of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the consumption of glycerol were evaluated, as well as the morphological analysis and the plating of the consortia of bacteria generating H2. The H2 generation occurred in all reactors, however, for higher organic loads, lower H2 yields were observed. On the other hand, the removal of COD increased with the increase of the applied organic load, as well as the rates of consumption of free glycerol. There was also a change in the profile of the organic products formed, from the predominance of butyric acid to acetic acid. No CH4 presence was detected in the reactors. In the counts of the cultures by plating were verified colonies of bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp.
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Palavras-chave
Hidrogênio, Glicerina, Fermentação, Biodiesel, Digestão anaeróbia