From oligo to eutrophic inland waters: advancements and challenges for bio-optical modeling
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Data
2017-03-09
Autores
Rodrigues, Thanan Walesza Pequeno [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento detalhado das características bio-ópticas nos reservatórios de Barra Bonita (BB) e Nova Avanhandava (Nav) com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho de uma única abordagem voltada para a estimativa das propriedades ópticas inerentes (POIs), assim como, a concentração de totais sólidos suspensos (TSS). A investigação foi realizada utilizando dados coletados no campo entre 2014 e 2016, incluindo, as POIs, componentes opticamente significativos (COSs) e reflectância de sensoriamento remoto (R_rs). Os dados apresentados dos COSs confirmaram que BB é um ambiente mais túrbido que Nav por apresentar maior produção fitoplanctônica em função do recebimento de altas cargas de nutrientes provenientes da bacia de drenagem. Por outro lado, Nav é um ambiente mais transparente e com maior influência de material inorgânico, o que favorece o surgimento de macrófitas submersas. A concentração de clorofila-a (Chl-a) em BB alcançou máximo de 797.8 µg l-1 em outubro/2014, enquanto Nav apresentou máximo de 38.6 µg l-1 em maio/2016. A variabilidade nos COS esteve altamente vinculada a frequência de chuvas, sendo que no ano de 2014, ocorreu um evento extremo de seca alterando as características biogeoquímicas dos ambientes. BB reagiu de forma mais abrupta que Nav por apresentar um sistema de operação do tipo acumulação e por estar mais próxima das regiões potencialmente poluidoras, diferente de Nav que apresenta um sistema fio-d’água em que não há acumulação e sim fluxo constante da água. Além disso, no âmbito óptico, a absorção em Nav apresentou maior influência do particulado não-algal (NAP) enquanto que em BB, a absorção foi dominada por fitoplâncton. Com base nesses resultados pode-se concluir que os dois ambientes apresentam não só diferenças na qualidade da água, mas também nas propriedades ópticas, o que leva a afirmação de que um modelo único baseado nos dois ambientes pode não ter um bom resultado quando se pretende utilizar uma abordagem empírica. Um algoritmo quase-analítico (QAA) parametrizado para as condições de Nav (QAAOMR) apresentou resultados significativos com erros (erro médio percentual absoluto – MAPE) inferiores a 17% para o coeficiente de absorção total (a_t), 19% para o coeficiente de absorção orgânico detrital (a_CDM) e 47% para o coeficiente de absorção do fitoplâncton (a_ϕ). O respectivo modelo foi utilizado para verificar seu desempenho em um ambiente eutrofizado como BB e a versão parametrizada por Watanabe et al. (2016) e denominada QAABBHR foi aplicada aos dados de Nav. Como resultado, observamos que as duas versões foram adequadas para estimar a_t com erros inferiores a 40%, no entanto, existe ainda a necessidade de melhorar as etapas para estimativa de a_CDM e a_ϕ. No caso de se aplicar um modelo empírico de única abordagem para estimar concentração de TSS para ambos os reservatórios, observamos que essa abordagem não apresentou resultados satisfatórios, portanto, modelos específicos baseados na banda do vermelho do MODIS foram utilizados para mapear TSS em cada um dos reservatórios. Pode-se concluir então, que o conhecimento acerca das propriedades ópticas da água se mostrou determinante para a modelagem bio-óptica, principalmente no que diz respeito aos ambientes altamente contrastantes como BB e Nav.
The objective of the present work was to perform a detailed survey of the bio-optical characteristics of the reservoirs of Barra Bonita (BB) and Nova Avanhandava (Nav) in order to evaluate the performance of a single approach aimed at estimating the inherent optical properties (IOPs), as well as the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS). The research was carried out using data collected in the field between 2014 and 2016, including the IOPs, optically significant components (OSCs) and remote sensing reflectance (R_rs). The data presented from the OSCs confirmed that BB is more turbid than Nav because it presents higher phytoplankton production due to the input of high nutrient loads from the drainage basin. On the other hand, Nav is more transparent with greater influence of inorganic matter, which favors the appearance of submerged macrophytes. The concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in BB reached a maximum of 797.8 μg l-1 in October/2014, while Nav presented a maximum of 38.6 μg l-1 in May/2016. The variability in the COS was highly related to the frequency of rainfall, in the year 2014, an extreme drought event occurred, altering the biogeochemical characteristics. BB reacted more abruptly than Nav because it presented an accumulation type operation system and because it is closer to the potentially polluting region. Nav presents a water system in which there is no accumulation but constant flow of water. In addition, in the optical context, the absorption in Nav presented greater influence of the non-algal particulate (NAP) while in BB, the absorption was dominated by phytoplankton. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the two environments present not only differences in water quality but also in optical properties, which leads to the assertion that a single model based on the two environments may not have a good result when it is intended to use empirical approach. A quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) parameterized for Nav conditions (QAAOMR) presented significant results with errors (mean absolute percentage error - MAPE) lower than 17% for the total absorption coefficient (a_t), 19% for the carbon detrital matter absorption coefficient (a_CDM) and 47% for the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton (a_ϕ). The respective model was used to verify its performance in a eutrophic environment such as BB and the version parameterized by Watanabe et al. (2016) and named QAABBHR was applied to the Nav data. Thus, we note that the two versions were suitable for estimating a_t with errors (MAPE) less than 40%, however, improvements must be carried out for estimating a_CDM and a_ϕ. In the case of applying a single empirical model to estimate TSS concentration for both reservoirs, we observed that it did not present satisfactory results, so specific models based on the MODIS red band were used to map TSS in each of the reservoirs. It can be concluded, therefore, that knowledge about the optical properties of water has proved to be determinant for the bio-optical modeling, especially with respect to highly contrasting environments such as BB and Nav.
The objective of the present work was to perform a detailed survey of the bio-optical characteristics of the reservoirs of Barra Bonita (BB) and Nova Avanhandava (Nav) in order to evaluate the performance of a single approach aimed at estimating the inherent optical properties (IOPs), as well as the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS). The research was carried out using data collected in the field between 2014 and 2016, including the IOPs, optically significant components (OSCs) and remote sensing reflectance (R_rs). The data presented from the OSCs confirmed that BB is more turbid than Nav because it presents higher phytoplankton production due to the input of high nutrient loads from the drainage basin. On the other hand, Nav is more transparent with greater influence of inorganic matter, which favors the appearance of submerged macrophytes. The concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in BB reached a maximum of 797.8 μg l-1 in October/2014, while Nav presented a maximum of 38.6 μg l-1 in May/2016. The variability in the COS was highly related to the frequency of rainfall, in the year 2014, an extreme drought event occurred, altering the biogeochemical characteristics. BB reacted more abruptly than Nav because it presented an accumulation type operation system and because it is closer to the potentially polluting region. Nav presents a water system in which there is no accumulation but constant flow of water. In addition, in the optical context, the absorption in Nav presented greater influence of the non-algal particulate (NAP) while in BB, the absorption was dominated by phytoplankton. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the two environments present not only differences in water quality but also in optical properties, which leads to the assertion that a single model based on the two environments may not have a good result when it is intended to use empirical approach. A quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) parameterized for Nav conditions (QAAOMR) presented significant results with errors (mean absolute percentage error - MAPE) lower than 17% for the total absorption coefficient (a_t), 19% for the carbon detrital matter absorption coefficient (a_CDM) and 47% for the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton (a_ϕ). The respective model was used to verify its performance in a eutrophic environment such as BB and the version parameterized by Watanabe et al. (2016) and named QAABBHR was applied to the Nav data. Thus, we note that the two versions were suitable for estimating a_t with errors (MAPE) less than 40%, however, improvements must be carried out for estimating a_CDM and a_ϕ. In the case of applying a single empirical model to estimate TSS concentration for both reservoirs, we observed that it did not present satisfactory results, so specific models based on the MODIS red band were used to map TSS in each of the reservoirs. It can be concluded, therefore, that knowledge about the optical properties of water has proved to be determinant for the bio-optical modeling, especially with respect to highly contrasting environments such as BB and Nav.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Modelagem bio-óptica, Águas interiores, Sensoriamento remoto da água, Sistema de reservatórios em cascata, Bio-optical modeling, Inland waters, Remote sensing of water, Reservoirs in cascade system