Um estudo crítico das relaçõesentre emoções e ações: Descartes e Ryle
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Data
2017-02-09
Autores
Oliveira, Josiane Gomes de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos uma análise crítica da concepção cartesiana sobre as relações entre emoções, ou paixões da alma, e ações, movimentos físicos, contrapondo-a, principalmente, à concepção proposta por Ryle, a respeito do assunto. Para Descartes, as emoções são elementos pertencentes à mente, entidade independente do físico. Não raro, tais emoções são causadas pelo corpo, cujos movimentos também podem ser impulsionados, ainda que indiretamente, por aquelas. Cabe à mente, por intermédio da razão e da vontade, através do hábito, controlar as paixões e as ações resultantes delas. Um dos críticos dessa postura é Ryle. Ao contrário de Descartes, ele não caracteriza as emoções como efeitos de uma ligação causal entre o corpo e a mente. Para esse autor, as emoções precisam ser analisadas de duas formas diferentes: uma referente às inclinações pelas quais as ações tidas como inteligentes são executadas; e, outra, que consiste no estudo explicativo das disposições ou agitações. Para ele, as inclinações e as disposições são propensões e não elementos, movimentos ou estados de uma substância distinta ou independente do corpo. Para alcançar nosso objetivo central nesta dissertação, dividimo-la em três capítulos. No primeiro deles expomos a natureza do corpo, da mente e dos hábitos, segundo Descartes. Na primeira seção apresentamos as características gerais das concepções dualistas. Na segunda seção abordamos a concepção de corpo e a noção de hábito físico para, na terceira seção, expor a concepção de mente e a noção de hábito mental. No segundo capítulo, tratamos das relações entre as emoções e ações, conforme Descartes. Na seção 2.1 caracterizamos as ações e as paixões da alma. Na seção 2.2 mostramos como é possível o controle das paixões mediante o desejo e a aquisição de hábitos. Na seção 2.3 consideramos o problema da relação mente/corpo e dos hábitos mentais/corporais. Para finalizar, no terceiro capítulo, explicitamos a postura ryleana a respeito da relação entre ações e emoções. Na seção 3.1 apresentamos a diferença entre o saber como e o saber quê. Na seção 3.2 tratamos dos hábitos e das habilidades e sua importância na realização de ações. Por fim, na seção 3.3, focalizamos alguns conceitos ryleanos sobre as emoções.
In this work, we develop a critical analysis of the Cartesian conception about the relations between emotions, or passions of the soul, and actions, physical movements, in opposition to Ryle's conception of the subject. For Descartes, emotions are elements belonging to the mind, independent entity of the physical. Not infrequently, such emotions are caused by the body, whose movements can also be driven, albeit indirectly, by those. It is up to the mind, through reason and will, through habit, to control the passions and actions resulting from them. One of the critics of this stance is Ryle. Unlike Descartes, he does not characterize emotions as effects of a causal connection between body and mind. For this author, emotions need to be analyzed in two different ways: one referring to the inclinations by which actions taken as intelligent are performed; and another, which consists in the explanatory study of dispositions or agitations. For him, inclinations and dispositions are propensities and not elements, movements or states of a substance distinct or independent of the body. To reach our central goal in this dissertation, we divide it into three chapters. In the first of these we explain the nature of the body, mind and habits, according to Descartes. In the first section we present the general characteristics of dualistic conceptions. In the second section we approach the concept of body and the notion of physical habit, in the third section, to expose the conception of mind and the notion of mental habit. In the second chapter, we deal with the relations between emotions and actions, according to Descartes. In section 2.1 we characterize the actions and passions of the soul. In section 2.2 we show how the control of the passions is possible through the desire and the acquisition of habits. In section 2.3 we consider the problem of mind / body relationship and mental / body habits. Finally, in the third chapter, we explain the Rylean position regarding the relation between actions and emotions. In section 3.1 we present the difference between knowing how and knowing what. In section 3.2 we discuss habits and skills and their importance in performing actions. Finally, in section 3.3, we focus on some Rylean concepts about emotions.
In this work, we develop a critical analysis of the Cartesian conception about the relations between emotions, or passions of the soul, and actions, physical movements, in opposition to Ryle's conception of the subject. For Descartes, emotions are elements belonging to the mind, independent entity of the physical. Not infrequently, such emotions are caused by the body, whose movements can also be driven, albeit indirectly, by those. It is up to the mind, through reason and will, through habit, to control the passions and actions resulting from them. One of the critics of this stance is Ryle. Unlike Descartes, he does not characterize emotions as effects of a causal connection between body and mind. For this author, emotions need to be analyzed in two different ways: one referring to the inclinations by which actions taken as intelligent are performed; and another, which consists in the explanatory study of dispositions or agitations. For him, inclinations and dispositions are propensities and not elements, movements or states of a substance distinct or independent of the body. To reach our central goal in this dissertation, we divide it into three chapters. In the first of these we explain the nature of the body, mind and habits, according to Descartes. In the first section we present the general characteristics of dualistic conceptions. In the second section we approach the concept of body and the notion of physical habit, in the third section, to expose the conception of mind and the notion of mental habit. In the second chapter, we deal with the relations between emotions and actions, according to Descartes. In section 2.1 we characterize the actions and passions of the soul. In section 2.2 we show how the control of the passions is possible through the desire and the acquisition of habits. In section 2.3 we consider the problem of mind / body relationship and mental / body habits. Finally, in the third chapter, we explain the Rylean position regarding the relation between actions and emotions. In section 3.1 we present the difference between knowing how and knowing what. In section 3.2 we discuss habits and skills and their importance in performing actions. Finally, in section 3.3, we focus on some Rylean concepts about emotions.
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Palavras-chave
Emoção, Ação, Cognição, Dualismo substancial, Ryle