Sobre a problemática da religião: um ensaio acerca do pensamento filosófico-religioso de Immanuel Kant
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Data
2017-03-20
Autores
Rocha, Dilson Brito da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Com este estudo pretendemos examinar e elucidar como Kant enfrenta a religião em sua obra A Religião dentro dos limites da simples razão, operando de tal forma que a localiza na moral, ao mesmo tempo em que, a rigor, distingue tais áreas tão somente naquilo que tange à metodologia e formalidade peculiares. Ele não quis, à vista disso, abordá-las como que ipsis verbis. Em sua acepção, assuntos com substrato metafísico-dogmático permanecem inacessíveis à razão pura, e, portanto, não se pode, teoricamente, nem negar nem tampouco afirmar neste afã, ao que põe no crivo da crítica a razão humana. Por conseguinte, Kant toma a questão religiosa como sendo objeto da razão prática, assim como do sentimento estético, principalmente inserindo neste campo a ideia de postulação, nevrálgica em sua teologia. Versa sobre as relações do homem com Deus, entendendo este último como sendo justo remunerador, ser moral, legislador superior e perscrutador dos corações. Ao fazê-lo desloca-o do campo da pura especulação para a moralidade. Não se volta para as construções da teologia racional, mas lhe interessa mostrar que o homem não deve ter uma relação barganhista para com Deus. Destarte, o homem não deve delegar sua tarefa de melhoramento moral para outra instância (tutela), posto que esta tarefa é do sujeito mesmo, correndo o risco de em não o fazendo, viver imerso na superstição da religião estatutária, ao invés de viver a religião da razão, ou se quisermos, a religião moral. Por via de regra, o problema religioso, fulcral na filosofia kantiana, tem subjacente o mal, que origina no próprio homem, tendencioso ao vício, dado o desregramento interior, e que, devido os ditames da razão, é impelido à direção contrária, chamando-o à conversão. Em síntese, restringiremos este estudo, primeiramente, à investigação do caminho que Kant percorreu para, ao falar de conteúdos de estofo religioso, sintetizá-los, in totum, naqueles de ordem moral, a fim de mostrarmos, posteriormente, que a religião é provisória ou passageira.
With the study we intend to examine and elucidate how Kant confronts religion in his work Religion within the limits of simple reason, operating in such a way that it locates it in the moral, at the same time as, strictly speaking, it distinguishes such areas only in what peculiar methodology and formality. He would not, in view of this, approach them as ipsis verbis. In his sense, subjects with a metaphysical-dogmatic substratum remain inaccessible to pure reason, and therefore, one cannot theoretically deny or affirm this desire either, which puts human reason on the line of criticism. Therefore, Kant takes the religious question as the object of practical reason, as well as of aesthetic feeling, mainly inserting in this field the idea of postulation, nevralgic in its theology. Versa on the relation of the man with God, understanding the latter as being just remunerative, being moral, superior legislator and persecutor of the hearts. In so doing, he shifts it from the field of pure speculation to morality. He does not turn to the constructions of rational theology, but he is interested to show that man should not have a bargaining relationship with God. Hence, man should not delegate his task of moral improvement to another instance (tutelage), since this task belongs to the subject himself, at the risk of not doing so, living immersed in the superstition of the statutory religion, instead of living the Religion of reason, or, if we will, moral religion. As a rule, the religious problem, which is central to Kantian philosophy, has underlying evil, which originates in man himself, tending to vice, given the inner disregard, and which, due to the dictates of reason, is impelled to the contrary direction, calling to conversion. In summary, we will restrict this study, first of all, to the investigation of the path that Kant traveled to, in speaking of contents of religious material, to synthesize them, in totum, in those of a moral order, in order to later show that religion is provisional or fleeting.
With the study we intend to examine and elucidate how Kant confronts religion in his work Religion within the limits of simple reason, operating in such a way that it locates it in the moral, at the same time as, strictly speaking, it distinguishes such areas only in what peculiar methodology and formality. He would not, in view of this, approach them as ipsis verbis. In his sense, subjects with a metaphysical-dogmatic substratum remain inaccessible to pure reason, and therefore, one cannot theoretically deny or affirm this desire either, which puts human reason on the line of criticism. Therefore, Kant takes the religious question as the object of practical reason, as well as of aesthetic feeling, mainly inserting in this field the idea of postulation, nevralgic in its theology. Versa on the relation of the man with God, understanding the latter as being just remunerative, being moral, superior legislator and persecutor of the hearts. In so doing, he shifts it from the field of pure speculation to morality. He does not turn to the constructions of rational theology, but he is interested to show that man should not have a bargaining relationship with God. Hence, man should not delegate his task of moral improvement to another instance (tutelage), since this task belongs to the subject himself, at the risk of not doing so, living immersed in the superstition of the statutory religion, instead of living the Religion of reason, or, if we will, moral religion. As a rule, the religious problem, which is central to Kantian philosophy, has underlying evil, which originates in man himself, tending to vice, given the inner disregard, and which, due to the dictates of reason, is impelled to the contrary direction, calling to conversion. In summary, we will restrict this study, first of all, to the investigation of the path that Kant traveled to, in speaking of contents of religious material, to synthesize them, in totum, in those of a moral order, in order to later show that religion is provisional or fleeting.
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Palavras-chave
Religião, Moral, Deus, Razão, Superstição, Religion, God, Reason, Superstition