Alternativa metodológica para alocação de corredores ecológicos utilizando modelagem ambiental
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Data
2017-03-17
Autores
Santos, Carla Rodrigues [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A Mata Atlântica, bioma que cobria grande parte do território paulista, hoje é composta por um mosaico de fragmentos florestais ameaçados pela ocupação antrópica. Dessa forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi elaborar um modelo ambiental destinado a encontrar alternativas espaciais para implantação de corredores ecológicos, baseado em princípios da Ecologia da Paisagem e na avaliação do estado ecológico do meio ambiente, com o suporte de geotecnologias. Escolheu-se como área de estudo a região Oeste de São Paulo, no entorno das Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Paranapanema, Santo Anastácio, Aguapeí e do Peixe. Os dados da pesquisa foram extraídos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), do Instituto Geográfico e Geológico (IGG), do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transporte (DNIT), do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT), dos Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas do Rio Paranapanema (CBH-PP) e dos Rios Aguapeí e do Peixe (CBH-AP). Também foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Landsat1/MSS e Alos, sensor Avnir, e dados SRTM/NASA. Na análise do meio físico e da cobertura da terra, verificou-se que a área pesquisada apresenta relevo suave e ondulado, com solos de baixa fertilidade, praticamente ocupados por agricultura e pastagem. A quantificação dos fragmentos da paisagem evidencia a relevância deles para formação de corredores ecológicos e para possíveis conexões entre diversas Unidades de Conservação. Constatou-se, através da métrica, que a fragmentação da paisagem é expressiva; o tamanho médio das manchas (MPS) é maior na classe de pastagem, com 755,78ha, e o alto índice de MSI nas áreas úmidas é fundamental para a paisagem local, pois favorece a formação de corredores ecológicos. A avaliação integrada dos dados espaciais, utilizando multicritérios e lógica fuzzy, permitiu verificar que: 1) as planícies fluviais são de extrema importância para a conservação da biodiversidade; 2) os índices de dissecação Dc 13, Dc 23 e Dt 13 correspondem às áreas com fortes perturbações antrópicas; 3) as distâncias propostas e analisadas contribuíram para a ligação transversal entre as Unidades de Conservação, as quais oferecem alto fator de proteção para os recursos ambientais. Além disso, diagnosticou-se que os melhores locais para a implementação de corredores ecológicos estão nas classes de potencialidade extremamente alta (3,3%), muito alta (4,5%), alta (6,9%) e média alta (11%). Somadas, essas classes representam 25,8% da área de estudo e estão próximas às drenagens, nascentes e áreas úmidas. Os cenários alternativos de corredores mostraram que o Oeste paulista tem potencialidade para a delimitação de três corredores ecológicos: o primeiro, ligando o Parque Estadual Aguapeí ao Parque Estadual do Rio do Peixe (CEAP); o segundo, entre o Parque Estadual do Rio do Peixe e o Rio Santo Anastácio (CEPSA), e o terceiro, entre o Rio Santo Anastácio e o Córrego Anhumas (CESAA). Concluiu-se que os três corredores permitiriam significativas conexões transversais entre os fragmentos florestais, e sua implementação resultaria na recuperação de aproximadamente 14% da paisagem degradada.
The Atlantic Forest biome which covered great part of São Paulo state territory today is composed by a mosaic of forest fragments threaten by anthropic occupation. Thus the objective of this research was to elaborate an environmental model aiming to find spatial alternatives to install ecological corridors based on the principle of Landscape Ecology and the evaluation of the ecological state of the environment through the support of geotechnologies. For the development and application of the methodology the research area was chosen in the West region of São Paulo in the surroundings of the river basins of the rivers Paranapanema, Santo Anastácio, Aguapeí and Peixe. The data used for the research were extracted from IBGE, IGG, DNIT, IPT, IF/SP, ICMBIO and the following committees: Paranapanema Rirver Basin (CBH-PP), Aguapeí river and Peixe River (CBH-AP), besides the Landsat1/MSS satellite images, Alos satellite images, AVNIR sensor and data from SRTM/NASA. In the analysis of the physical environment and land coverage it was verified that the research area has denudational reliefs, with wide and low hills, besides river terraces plains. It presents altimetric dimensions which vary from 220 meters to 480 meter and little dissected. The most expressive declivity can be found in the classes from 3 – 12%, where smooth slopes are seen and of easy mechanization. The soils are of low fertility and are practically occupied by agriculture and pasture. Across the area we verified the presence of several species of the wildlife and several erosive processes caused by the fragility of the environment, due to the occupation process. The quantification of the landscape fragments evidence the importance they possess in the ecological corridors formation and in the connection possibilities among several Conservation Unities. It was found the fragmented of the landscape through the metric allowed us to verify that the landscape fragmentation is significant, we verified that the average size of the stains (MPS) is bigger in the class of pasture with 755.78ha and that the high index of MSI for the humid areas is of extreme importance to the local landscape, because it becomes a favorable environment to the formation of ecological corridors. The integrated evaluation of spatial data using fuzzy multicriteria and logic made it possible to verify that the river plain (Apf) are considered of extreme importance to the biodiversity conservation, in which the dissection indexes Dc13, Dc23 and Dt13 are the areas which receive strong anthropic disturbances; that the proposed and analyzed distances contributed so the connection among the Conservation Unities could happen in a transversal way, given its high protection factor to environmental resources. We verified that the best locations to the ecological corridors implementation are in classes of extremely high potentialities (3.3%), very high (4.5%), high (6.9%), high average (11%) and that, summed up, they can reach 25.8% of the studied area. The alternative sceneries of corridors showed that the research area has potentiality to the delimitation of three ecological corridors, among them the Aguapeí State Park corridor until Rio do Peixe State Park (CEAP); Rio do Peixe State Park corridor until Santo Anastácio River (CEPSA), and Santo Anastácio River corridor until Anhumas Stream (CESAA), these corridors interconnect the existing fragments across its path. However the connection of the fragments only by themselves isn’t totally possible, it’s necessary to resort to other uses, such as humid, pastures and agricultures areas. It was possible to verify that the priority potentialities are next to the drainages, river springs and wet areas. Therefore, we concluded that the results presented in the three delimitated corridors allowed significant transversal connections between the forest fragments. And the possibility of its implementation would result in the recovery of about 14% of the degraded landscape. The results showed that the proposed methodology was satisfactory, because it allowed the transversal connection of the Conservation Unities with some forest fragments.
The Atlantic Forest biome which covered great part of São Paulo state territory today is composed by a mosaic of forest fragments threaten by anthropic occupation. Thus the objective of this research was to elaborate an environmental model aiming to find spatial alternatives to install ecological corridors based on the principle of Landscape Ecology and the evaluation of the ecological state of the environment through the support of geotechnologies. For the development and application of the methodology the research area was chosen in the West region of São Paulo in the surroundings of the river basins of the rivers Paranapanema, Santo Anastácio, Aguapeí and Peixe. The data used for the research were extracted from IBGE, IGG, DNIT, IPT, IF/SP, ICMBIO and the following committees: Paranapanema Rirver Basin (CBH-PP), Aguapeí river and Peixe River (CBH-AP), besides the Landsat1/MSS satellite images, Alos satellite images, AVNIR sensor and data from SRTM/NASA. In the analysis of the physical environment and land coverage it was verified that the research area has denudational reliefs, with wide and low hills, besides river terraces plains. It presents altimetric dimensions which vary from 220 meters to 480 meter and little dissected. The most expressive declivity can be found in the classes from 3 – 12%, where smooth slopes are seen and of easy mechanization. The soils are of low fertility and are practically occupied by agriculture and pasture. Across the area we verified the presence of several species of the wildlife and several erosive processes caused by the fragility of the environment, due to the occupation process. The quantification of the landscape fragments evidence the importance they possess in the ecological corridors formation and in the connection possibilities among several Conservation Unities. It was found the fragmented of the landscape through the metric allowed us to verify that the landscape fragmentation is significant, we verified that the average size of the stains (MPS) is bigger in the class of pasture with 755.78ha and that the high index of MSI for the humid areas is of extreme importance to the local landscape, because it becomes a favorable environment to the formation of ecological corridors. The integrated evaluation of spatial data using fuzzy multicriteria and logic made it possible to verify that the river plain (Apf) are considered of extreme importance to the biodiversity conservation, in which the dissection indexes Dc13, Dc23 and Dt13 are the areas which receive strong anthropic disturbances; that the proposed and analyzed distances contributed so the connection among the Conservation Unities could happen in a transversal way, given its high protection factor to environmental resources. We verified that the best locations to the ecological corridors implementation are in classes of extremely high potentialities (3.3%), very high (4.5%), high (6.9%), high average (11%) and that, summed up, they can reach 25.8% of the studied area. The alternative sceneries of corridors showed that the research area has potentiality to the delimitation of three ecological corridors, among them the Aguapeí State Park corridor until Rio do Peixe State Park (CEAP); Rio do Peixe State Park corridor until Santo Anastácio River (CEPSA), and Santo Anastácio River corridor until Anhumas Stream (CESAA), these corridors interconnect the existing fragments across its path. However the connection of the fragments only by themselves isn’t totally possible, it’s necessary to resort to other uses, such as humid, pastures and agricultures areas. It was possible to verify that the priority potentialities are next to the drainages, river springs and wet areas. Therefore, we concluded that the results presented in the three delimitated corridors allowed significant transversal connections between the forest fragments. And the possibility of its implementation would result in the recovery of about 14% of the degraded landscape. The results showed that the proposed methodology was satisfactory, because it allowed the transversal connection of the Conservation Unities with some forest fragments.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Corredores ecológicos, Fragmentação da paisagem, Modelagem ambiental, Ecological corridors, Landscape fragmentation, Environmental modeling