Nasalância para adultos de meia-idade e idosos falantes do português brasileiro
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2017-04-24
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Valores de nasalância para indivíduos de meia-idade ou idosos não foram previamente determinados para falantes do Português Brasileiro (PB). O primeiro objetivo do estudo foi determinar valores de referência para falantes do PB de meia-idade e idosos, de ambos os gêneros. O segundo objetivo foi verificar variabilidade de teste e reteste imediato das medidas de nasalância para estas populações. O terceiro objetivo foi verificar possíveis efeitos de idade e gênero sobre os valores de nasalância ao longo da vida, levando em conta estímulos de fala controlados. Medidas de nasalância foram obtidas para 122 falantes do PB (62 de meia-idade e 60 idosos, ambos os gêneros) com fala normal para sete estímulos de fala (quatro orais, dois nasais e um oronasal) usando o equipamento Nasometer II 6400 (KayPentax, NJ, EUA). Os participantes realizaram duas leituras dos estímulos utilizando o capacete com a placa de separação de som do nasômetro. Valores médios de nasalância de cada estímulo foram determinados para cada leitura. A variabilidade do teste e reteste imediato foi analisada calculando a diferença absoluta entre a primeira e a segunda repetição para cada estímulo de fala dos falantes de meia-idade e idosos. Os valores de nasalância desses falantes foram combinados com dados de populações mais jovens obtidos por Marino et al. (2016a). Foram realizadas análises de variância de medidas repetidas para investigar as diferenças entre os estímulos por gênero e grupos etários. Os valores de nasalância variaram de 12,48 a 16,64 (orais), 48,86-49,72 (nasais) e 27,98 (oronasal) para falantes de meia idade e de 15,62 a 20,38 (orais), 52,05-52,82 (nasais) e 32,23 (oronasal) para idosos. Valores médios de nasalância no teste e reteste variaram entre 3-4 pontos (meia-idade) e entre 3-5 pontos (idosos). Ao comparar valores de nasalância de falantes de meia idade e idosos com populações mais jovens verificou-se efeito para estímulos (F (6,2082) = 12,087.12, p> .000001), sexo (F (1.347) = 15,16, p = .000118) e faixa etária (F (5.347) = 16,01, p> 0,000001), além de efeito de interação estímulo-idade (F (30,2122) = 9,96, p> 0,000001) e efeito de interação gênero-idade (F (5,347) = 2,64, p =. 023345). Estímulos orais apresentaram valores de nasalância mais baixos que o estímulo oronasal e os estímulos nasais obtiveram as maiores pontuações. Valores mais elevados de nasalância foram obtidos para o gênero feminino do que masculino, embora as diferenças tenham sido pequenas. Para estímulos orais, os valores médios de nasalância das populações mais jovens foram 6-11 pontos mais baixos do que para idosos e as crianças apresentaram valores de nasalância 4-7 mais baixos do que adultos de meia-idade. Para estímulos oronasais, os valores médios de nasalância das populações mais jovens foram 4-6 pontos mais baixos do que para idosos. Não houve efeito da idade para estímulo nasal. As diferenças encontradas nos valores de nasalância ao longo da vida podem estar relacionadas às mudanças nas estruturas orofaciais que ocorrem com o aumento da idade. Os achados do estudo podem contribuir para a avaliação clínica da ressonância em populações clínicas, particularmente com idades mais avançadas.
Nasalance values for older populations were not previously determined for Brazilian Portuguese speakers (BP). The first goal of this study was to establish normative nasalance values for middle aged and elderly Brazilian Portuguese speakers. The second goal was to verify immediate test-retest variability on nasalance measurements for these populations. The third goal was to verify possible age and gender effects across the lifespan, considering distinct speech stimuli. Mean nasalance scores were obtained from 122 Brazilian Portuguese speakers (62 middle age and 60 elderly speakers, both genders) with normal speech for seven speech stimuli (four orals, two nasals and one oronasal) using the Nasometer II 6400 (KayPentax, N.J., USA). The participants read the stimuli twice while wearing the Nasometer’s sound separator plate. Mean nasalance values for each stimulus were determined for each lecture. Test-retest variability was assessed by calculating the absolute difference between the middle aged and elderly participants’ first and second repetition for each stimulus. The nasalance scores of the middle aged and elderly speakers were combined with data acquired from younger speakers (children, adolescent, young adult and adult) in Marino et al. (2016a). Repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate differences between the stimuli by gender and age groups. Nasalance values ranged from 12.48 to 16.64 (orals stimuli), 48.86-49.72 (nasals) and 27.98 (oronasal) for middle age and from 15.62 to 20.38 (orals), 52.05-52.82 (nasals) and 32.23 (oronasal) for elderly speakers. Test-retest mean nasalance values vary by 3-4 points for middle age speakers and 3-5 points for elderly speakers. When comparing nasalance values of middle-aged and elderly speakers with younger populations, there was an effect for stimuli (F(6.2082) = 12.087.12, p > .000001 ), gender (F(1.347) = 15.16, p = .000118), age group (F(5.347) = 16.01, p > .000001), a stimuli-age group interaction effect (F(30.2122) = 9.96, p > .000001), and a gender-age group interaction effect (F(5.347) = 2.64, p = .023345. Oral stimuli had the lowest scores, the oronasal stimuli had lower scores than the nasal stimuli, and the nasal stimuli had the highest scores. Females’ mean nasalance scores were higher than those for the males, although the difference was small. For oral stimuli, mean nasalance scores for younger population were significantly lower (6-10 points) than for elderly speakers. In addition, children had scores significantly lower (4-7 points) than middle aged adults. For oronasal stimuli, mean nasalance values for younger population were significantly lower (4-6 points) than for older speakers. There was no effect of age on nasal stimulation. The differences found in the nasalance values across the lifespan may be related to the changes in the orofacial structures that occur with the increase of age. Findings from the study may contribute to the clinical evaluation of resonance, particularly in more advanced aged populations.
Nasalance values for older populations were not previously determined for Brazilian Portuguese speakers (BP). The first goal of this study was to establish normative nasalance values for middle aged and elderly Brazilian Portuguese speakers. The second goal was to verify immediate test-retest variability on nasalance measurements for these populations. The third goal was to verify possible age and gender effects across the lifespan, considering distinct speech stimuli. Mean nasalance scores were obtained from 122 Brazilian Portuguese speakers (62 middle age and 60 elderly speakers, both genders) with normal speech for seven speech stimuli (four orals, two nasals and one oronasal) using the Nasometer II 6400 (KayPentax, N.J., USA). The participants read the stimuli twice while wearing the Nasometer’s sound separator plate. Mean nasalance values for each stimulus were determined for each lecture. Test-retest variability was assessed by calculating the absolute difference between the middle aged and elderly participants’ first and second repetition for each stimulus. The nasalance scores of the middle aged and elderly speakers were combined with data acquired from younger speakers (children, adolescent, young adult and adult) in Marino et al. (2016a). Repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate differences between the stimuli by gender and age groups. Nasalance values ranged from 12.48 to 16.64 (orals stimuli), 48.86-49.72 (nasals) and 27.98 (oronasal) for middle age and from 15.62 to 20.38 (orals), 52.05-52.82 (nasals) and 32.23 (oronasal) for elderly speakers. Test-retest mean nasalance values vary by 3-4 points for middle age speakers and 3-5 points for elderly speakers. When comparing nasalance values of middle-aged and elderly speakers with younger populations, there was an effect for stimuli (F(6.2082) = 12.087.12, p > .000001 ), gender (F(1.347) = 15.16, p = .000118), age group (F(5.347) = 16.01, p > .000001), a stimuli-age group interaction effect (F(30.2122) = 9.96, p > .000001), and a gender-age group interaction effect (F(5.347) = 2.64, p = .023345. Oral stimuli had the lowest scores, the oronasal stimuli had lower scores than the nasal stimuli, and the nasal stimuli had the highest scores. Females’ mean nasalance scores were higher than those for the males, although the difference was small. For oral stimuli, mean nasalance scores for younger population were significantly lower (6-10 points) than for elderly speakers. In addition, children had scores significantly lower (4-7 points) than middle aged adults. For oronasal stimuli, mean nasalance values for younger population were significantly lower (4-6 points) than for older speakers. There was no effect of age on nasal stimulation. The differences found in the nasalance values across the lifespan may be related to the changes in the orofacial structures that occur with the increase of age. Findings from the study may contribute to the clinical evaluation of resonance, particularly in more advanced aged populations.
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Acústica da fala, Fala, Nasometria, Idoso, Adulto, Speech acoustics, Speech, Nasometry, Elderly, Adult