Melhoramento em progênies de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell.- Arg.] por caracteres quantitativos e marcadores moleculares do tipo SSR em duas populações de diferentes procedência
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Data
2016-11-10
Autores
Dourado, Cecília Luzia [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo principal do trabalho foi o de quantificar a variabilidade genética em progênies de seringueira fundamentando-se na avaliação de caracteres quantitativos e na caracterização molecular do tipo microssatélites (SSR). A primeira população do estudo é originária da floresta primária de Rio Branco- Acre (população selvagem-PS), e a outra, trata-se de uma população, originada de matrizes clonais (população melhorada-PM). Encontram-se instaladas na forma de teste de progênies na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP (FEPE), localizada em Selvíria, MS. Para as duas populações foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres silviculturais de crescimento, altura (ALT), altura comercial (AC), diâmetro médio de copa (DMC), forma do fuste (FOR), perímetro do caule (PAP e P50) e produção de borracha seca (PBS), aos oito (PM) e 23 (PS) anos de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, compostos por 31 famílias, quatro repetições e parcelas lineares de 10 plantas, no espaçamento de 3 x 3 m (PM). Para PS o delineamento experimental foi de blocos causalizados com 37 famílias distribuídas em três repetições, de forma desbalanceada com no máximo 10 plantas por progênies no espaçamento de 5 x 3 m (PS). As estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos foram feitas utilizando-se a metodologia de modelo linear misto univariado aditivo REML/BLUP e ganhos na seleção pelo método índice multiefeitos (IME). O DNA genômico foi extraído, quantificado e genotipado para as duas populações de estudo. As análises do sistema de reprodução e diversidade foram baseadas no modelo misto de reprodução e modelo de cruzamentos correlacionados. Foram detectadas diferenças significativas pelo teste da razão de verossimilhança na análise de deviance das procedências para os caracteres, diâmetro médio de copa (DMC), perímetro a 50 cm do solo (P50), perímetro a 1,30m do solo (PAP) e produção de borracha seca (PBS), para PM. Para população selvagem foram significativos, os caracteres ALT, DMC, P50 e PAP. Os caracteres que apresentaram maior magnitude para as herdabilidades foram a PBS, para população melhorada e PAP, PBS para a população selvagem, com herdabilidades acima de 60%. As estratégias de seleção de 50%, 40% e 22% dos indivíduos para o caractere PBS e PAP utilizando o índice multiefeitos revelaram de altos e baixos ganhos na seleção as duas populações. Para PM foi mais indicado a estratégia de seleção entre e dentro e para PS a seleção individual. Os ganhos obtidos na seleção foram de 54% para o caráter PBS na população melhorada e de 0,46% para o caráter PAP para população selvagem. A heterozigosidade observada foi de 0,839 a 0,747 para adultos e de 0,425 a 0,399 para as progênies, para as duas populações estudas. A taxa de cruzamento multiloco ( ) variou de 0,726 (PM) a 0,798 (PS), indicando que grande parte das sementes foram originadas por cruzamentos, mas houve presença de autofecundação, caracterizado por um sistema de reprodução misto. A endogamia apresentada foi gerada por cruzamentos correlacionados e não por autofecundação. Devido ao ao tamanho efetivo (Ne) menor que 4, resultou na necessidade de coletar-se sementes para fins de conservação genética, recuperação ambiental e melhoramento florestal de pelo menos 94 e 89 árvores, para PM e PS respectivamente.
The main objective of this work is to quantify the genetic variability in progenies of rubber tree, based on the quantitative characterization and the molecular characterization of the microsatellite type (SSR). The first population of the study originated in the primary forest of Rio Branco-Acre (wild population-PS), and the other population is a population originated from clonal matrices (improved population-PM). They are installed as progeny tests at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm, That belongs to Engeneering College of the Julio Mesquita Filho State University of São Paulo, In Selvira, State of South Mato Grosso Brazil. For the two populations, the following silvicultural characteristics of growth, height (ALT), commercial height (AC), average crown diameter (DMC), stem shape (FOR), stem perimeter (PAP and P50) and dry rubber yield (PBS) at eight (PM) and 23 (PS) years old. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, composed of 31 families, four replications and linear plots of 10 plants, spaced 3 x 3 m (MP). For PS the experimental design was of causalized blocks with 37 families distributed in three replications, unbalanced with a maximum of 10 plants per progeny in the spacing of 5 x 3 m (PS). Estimates of the genetic parameters were made using the mixed linear univariate model (REML / BLUP) methodology and gains in selection by multi-effects index (MEI). Genomic DNA was extracted, quantified and genotyped for the two study populations. The analyzes of the breeding and diversity system were based on the mixed breeding model and correlated crosses model. Significant differences were detected by the likelihood ratio test in the deviance analysis for the characters, mean crown diameter (DMC), stem perimeter at 50 cm from soil (P50), stem perimeter at 1,30m from soil (PAP) and dry rubber yield (PBS) for PM. For wild populations were significant, the characters ALT, DMC, P50 and PAP. The characters that presented the greatest magnitude for the heritabilities were PBS, for improved population and PAP, PBS for the wild population, with heritabilities above 60%. The selection strategies of 50%, 40% and 22% of individuals for the PBS and PAP using the multi-effects index revealed high and low gains in the selection of the two populations. For PM it was more indicated the strategy of selection between and within and for PS the individual selection. The gains obtained in the selection were 54% for the PBS character in the improved population and 0,46% for the PAP character for the wild population. The observed heterozygosity was 0,839 to 0,747 for adults and 0,425 to 0,399 for the progenies, for the two populations studied. The multilocus crossing rate ( ) varied from 0,726 (MP) to 0,798 (PS), indicating that most of the seeds originated by crosses, but there was a presence of self-fertilization, characterized by a mixed mating system.The presented inbreeding was generated by correlated crosses and not by self-fertilization. Due to the effective size (Ne) of less than 4, it resulted in the need to collect seeds for purposes of genetic conservation, environmental recovery and forest improvement of at least 94 and 89 trees, for PM and PS respectively.
The main objective of this work is to quantify the genetic variability in progenies of rubber tree, based on the quantitative characterization and the molecular characterization of the microsatellite type (SSR). The first population of the study originated in the primary forest of Rio Branco-Acre (wild population-PS), and the other population is a population originated from clonal matrices (improved population-PM). They are installed as progeny tests at the Teaching, Research and Extension Farm, That belongs to Engeneering College of the Julio Mesquita Filho State University of São Paulo, In Selvira, State of South Mato Grosso Brazil. For the two populations, the following silvicultural characteristics of growth, height (ALT), commercial height (AC), average crown diameter (DMC), stem shape (FOR), stem perimeter (PAP and P50) and dry rubber yield (PBS) at eight (PM) and 23 (PS) years old. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, composed of 31 families, four replications and linear plots of 10 plants, spaced 3 x 3 m (MP). For PS the experimental design was of causalized blocks with 37 families distributed in three replications, unbalanced with a maximum of 10 plants per progeny in the spacing of 5 x 3 m (PS). Estimates of the genetic parameters were made using the mixed linear univariate model (REML / BLUP) methodology and gains in selection by multi-effects index (MEI). Genomic DNA was extracted, quantified and genotyped for the two study populations. The analyzes of the breeding and diversity system were based on the mixed breeding model and correlated crosses model. Significant differences were detected by the likelihood ratio test in the deviance analysis for the characters, mean crown diameter (DMC), stem perimeter at 50 cm from soil (P50), stem perimeter at 1,30m from soil (PAP) and dry rubber yield (PBS) for PM. For wild populations were significant, the characters ALT, DMC, P50 and PAP. The characters that presented the greatest magnitude for the heritabilities were PBS, for improved population and PAP, PBS for the wild population, with heritabilities above 60%. The selection strategies of 50%, 40% and 22% of individuals for the PBS and PAP using the multi-effects index revealed high and low gains in the selection of the two populations. For PM it was more indicated the strategy of selection between and within and for PS the individual selection. The gains obtained in the selection were 54% for the PBS character in the improved population and 0,46% for the PAP character for the wild population. The observed heterozygosity was 0,839 to 0,747 for adults and 0,425 to 0,399 for the progenies, for the two populations studied. The multilocus crossing rate ( ) varied from 0,726 (MP) to 0,798 (PS), indicating that most of the seeds originated by crosses, but there was a presence of self-fertilization, characterized by a mixed mating system.The presented inbreeding was generated by correlated crosses and not by self-fertilization. Due to the effective size (Ne) of less than 4, it resulted in the need to collect seeds for purposes of genetic conservation, environmental recovery and forest improvement of at least 94 and 89 trees, for PM and PS respectively.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Marcadores SSR, Hevea brasiliensis, Índice multiefeitos, Sistema de reprodução, Diversidade genética, SSR markers, Muti-effects index, Mating system, Genetic diversity