Evapotranspiração de referência em zonas homogêneas como base para o manejo da irrigação no noroeste paulista
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Data
2017-03-31
Autores
Silva Junior, Josué Ferreira [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Diversos são os desafios enfrentados por todos os produtores de alimentos. Esse desafio tem fortalecido a agricultura irrigada e contribuído para a manutenção do saldo positivo na balança comercial, de empregos e geração de renda e garantindo a segurança alimentar. Para manter-se competitivo o setor agrícola tem investido em tecnologias que garantam elevada produtividade, como por exemplo a irrigação. A agricultura irrigada minimiza os riscos associados à produção agrícola, principalmente os relacionados com o clima, como a ausências de chuvas por períodos prolongados. Em 2015, a demanda consuntiva dos recursos hídricos nacional foi estimada em 2.275,07 m3 s-1, considerando a vazão retirada. A agricultura irrigada é responsável pela maior parcela do uso da água. Entretanto, o uso desse recurso finito e cada vez mais escasso, tem sido sistematicamente negligenciado e o manejo inadequado da irrigação tem comprometido a eficiência no uso da água, ocasionando perdas energéticas e de produtividade nas lavouras. Em recente levantamento, constatou-se a expansão das áreas irrigadas no Noroeste Paulista pelo incremente de 116 novos pivôs centrais. Nessa região encontra-se instalada a Rede Agrometeorológica do Noroeste Paulista que disponibiliza gratuitamente através do Canal CLIMA da UNESP informações sobre as condições climáticas regional, além de outros serviços, que auxiliam no planejamento da irrigação, incluindo a evapotranspiração. Considerando a importância econômica da produção irrigada para região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo e a relevância do uso racional da água para manutenção da agricultura irrigada, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar o mapa que caracteriza Zonas Homogêneas de Evapotranspiração de Referência (ETo) para área de atuação da Rede Agrometeorológica do Noroeste Paulista como ferramenta para o adequado manejo da irrigação, bem como ressaltar a importância do Canal CLIMA da UNESP como instrumento de difusão de tecnologia. Foram determinadas quatro Zonas Homogêneas de ETo, com ajustes considerados satisfatórios por apresentar índices de correlação superiores a 0,51, índices de determinação acima de 0,68 e raiz do erro médio quadrático inferiores a 0,30 mm dia-1. Além disso, as variações da ETo e da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) foram inferiores a 7,8%, adotando-se como critério de comparação os dados climáticos da Estação mais próxima à área irrigada. As simulações para o consumo de energia elétrica na irrigação integral da cultura do milho, quando comparadas às Zonas Homogêneas de ETo, representaram reduções de R$28,61 por mm ou incremento de R$ 26,86 por mm considerando os diferentes cenários de manejo da irrigação em três pivôs centrais localizados em Zonas Homogêneas de ETo distintas. Dada a expansão da área irrigada na região Noroeste Paulista e sua importância no desenvolvimento econômica da região, e considerando o crescente acesso ao Canal CLIMA da UNESP, principalmente nos períodos de déficit hídrico, é possível inferir que a Rede Agrometeorológica do Noroeste Paulista desempenha papel fundamental para o manejo sustentável da irrigação.
Many are the challenges faced by food producers. This challenge has strengthened the irrigated agriculture and contributed to the maintenance of surplus in trade balance, employment and income generation and guaranteeing food security. To remain competitive the agricultural sector has invested in technologies that ensure high productivity, such as irrigation. Irrigated farming minimizes the risks associated with agricultural production, especially those related to the climate, as the absence of rainfall for prolonged periods. The consumptive use of water resources in Brazil was estimated in 2.275,07 m3 s -1 , for the year 2015, whereas the flow withdrawal. Irrigated agriculture is responsible for the largest use of water. However, the use of finite and increasingly scarce resources has been systematically neglected and the improper irrigation management has compromised the efficiency in water use, energy and productivity losses in crops. In a recent study was verified an expansion of irrigated areas in the Northwest of São Paulo by the increment of 116 new central pivots. There is, at this region, the Northwest of São Paulo agrometeorological networking that provides climate data by Climate Channel of UNESP, at no cost to users, also provides information on the regional climatic, in addition to other services, which assist in the planning of irrigation, including evapotranspiration. Considering economic importance of irrigated production at Northwest of São Paulo and relevance of rational water use, the present work had as objective to draw up a map featuring Homogeneous Areas of Evapotranspiration of Reference (ETo), this map will be used as a tool for proper management of irrigation. Also aims to emphasize the importance of the Climate Channel of UNESP as an instrument of dissemination of technology. Four homogeneous areas were determined from ETo, with adjustment considered satisfactory by correlation indices greater than 0.51, indices for determining above 0.68 and root of the mean squared error of less than 0.30 mm day-1 . Moreover, the variations of ETo and the Evapotranspiration of Culture (ETc) were lower than 7.8%, adopting as a criterion for comparing climate data from the nearest station to irrigated area. Simulations for the electricity consumption in maize irrigation show variations between -28.61 and 26.86 R$ per mm, considering irrigation management in central pivots located at distinct Homogeneous Areas of ETo. The expansion of irrigated area in Northwest of São Paulo, its importance in the economic development of the region and considering growing the Climate Channel of UNESP access, especially during periods of water shortage, it is possible to infer that the Northwest of São Paulo agrometeorological networking plays a key role for the sustainable management of irrigation.
Many are the challenges faced by food producers. This challenge has strengthened the irrigated agriculture and contributed to the maintenance of surplus in trade balance, employment and income generation and guaranteeing food security. To remain competitive the agricultural sector has invested in technologies that ensure high productivity, such as irrigation. Irrigated farming minimizes the risks associated with agricultural production, especially those related to the climate, as the absence of rainfall for prolonged periods. The consumptive use of water resources in Brazil was estimated in 2.275,07 m3 s -1 , for the year 2015, whereas the flow withdrawal. Irrigated agriculture is responsible for the largest use of water. However, the use of finite and increasingly scarce resources has been systematically neglected and the improper irrigation management has compromised the efficiency in water use, energy and productivity losses in crops. In a recent study was verified an expansion of irrigated areas in the Northwest of São Paulo by the increment of 116 new central pivots. There is, at this region, the Northwest of São Paulo agrometeorological networking that provides climate data by Climate Channel of UNESP, at no cost to users, also provides information on the regional climatic, in addition to other services, which assist in the planning of irrigation, including evapotranspiration. Considering economic importance of irrigated production at Northwest of São Paulo and relevance of rational water use, the present work had as objective to draw up a map featuring Homogeneous Areas of Evapotranspiration of Reference (ETo), this map will be used as a tool for proper management of irrigation. Also aims to emphasize the importance of the Climate Channel of UNESP as an instrument of dissemination of technology. Four homogeneous areas were determined from ETo, with adjustment considered satisfactory by correlation indices greater than 0.51, indices for determining above 0.68 and root of the mean squared error of less than 0.30 mm day-1 . Moreover, the variations of ETo and the Evapotranspiration of Culture (ETc) were lower than 7.8%, adopting as a criterion for comparing climate data from the nearest station to irrigated area. Simulations for the electricity consumption in maize irrigation show variations between -28.61 and 26.86 R$ per mm, considering irrigation management in central pivots located at distinct Homogeneous Areas of ETo. The expansion of irrigated area in Northwest of São Paulo, its importance in the economic development of the region and considering growing the Climate Channel of UNESP access, especially during periods of water shortage, it is possible to infer that the Northwest of São Paulo agrometeorological networking plays a key role for the sustainable management of irrigation.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Agricultura irrigada, Sistema de assessoramento ao irrigante, Recursos hídricos, Gestão da água, Tecnologia da informação