Abordagem territorial e políticas de desenvolvimento rural: o território da cidadania do Pontal do Paranapanema
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Data
2017-05-04
Autores
Rosa, Fernando Amorim [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A abordagem territorial ganha espaço na agenda das políticas para o desenvolvimento rural no Brasil a partir da criação da Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Territorial (SDT), no ano de 2003. Sob a coordenação desta Secretaria, vinculada ao Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA), é criado o Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Territórios Rurais (PRONAT), por meio do qual são implementados os Territórios Rurais onde se projetam as intervenções estatais destinadas, sobretudo, a prover as infraestruturas e serviços de apoio ao desenvolvimento de cadeias produtivas agropecuárias, conferindo forte orientação setorial ao Programa. Visando superar tal orientação, numa proposta de articulação interministerial que objetiva a melhoria das condições de vida, de acesso a bens e serviços públicos e a oportunidades de inclusão social e econômica às populações que vivem no interior do país, é lançado, no ano de 2008, o Programa Territórios da Cidadania (PTC). O presente estudo buscou compreender como se dá a materialização da política de desenvolvimento territorial do governo federal no Território da Cidadania do Pontal do Paranapanema, sobretudo no que diz respeito à participação social no Colegiado de Desenvolvimento Territorial e a orientação e resultados das ações do PTC. Para isso, houve participação frequente nas reuniões e atividades organizadas pelo Colegiado Territorial, trabalhos de campo junto às comunidades rurais e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com membros do Colegiado, representantes do poder público e da sociedade civil e agricultores assentados. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa revelou que, em que pese a formação de importante espaço de participação social, o Colegiado de Desenvolvimento Territorial, a mobilização dos sujeitos sociais promovida pelas ações do Programa se dá, predominantemente, em torno de projetos pontuais, ainda com forte viés setorial, que pouco acrescentam de melhorias às condições materiais de vida destes sujeitos e suas comunidades. Desta forma, o ganho mais significativo parece residir no estímulo à organização social. A pesquisa revelou, ainda, a concepção institucional de um território harmonizado, ambiente de consensos e coesão, livre de quaisquer conflitos ou contradições, trunfo competitivo e plataforma à espera de que nele os diferentes grupos sociais se articulem e dialoguem em torno da construção coletiva de um projeto de futuro compartilhado. No contexto deste “deslumbramento” com o território, a abordagem territorial do desenvolvimento procede certa banalização no uso do “território”, sendo apropriado de modo instrumental, sem densidade conceitual, identificado a qualquer espaço físico geograficamente delimitado, sobre o qual o planejamento estatal projeta suas ações. Sob esta ótica, o território tem escamoteadas suas contradições, conflitos e relações de poder inerentes. Desconsidera-se, assim, que é produto de uma construção social histórica, coletiva e conflituosa. Os conflitos, nesta interpretação, são reduzidos a divergências entre diferentes grupos sociais capazes de chegar a consensos em torno de interesses comuns, e não compreendidos como conflitos entre classes sociais antagônicas. Esta dissimulação das relações de poder serve aos interesses das classes dominantes, às quais é extremamente interessante que não se explicite as contradições contidas nestes espaços geográficos.
The territorial approach has gained importance in the rural politics for the development agenda since the creation of the Territorial Development Secretary (SDT), in 2003 within the Ministry of Agrarian Development. From the SDT it is formulated the National Program for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories (PRONAT), through which the Rural Territories are implemented. It is in the Rural Territories that the state interventions are projected with the aim of providing the infrastructures and services to support the development of agricultural productive chains. This has given a strong sector orientation to the Program. The Citizenship Territories Program (CTP) is launched in 2008 looking to overcome the sectorial orientation through a proposal of inter-ministerial articulation aiming the improvement of life conditions, access to public goods and services, and opportunities for social and economic inclusion for people living in rural areas. This research intended to show how federal government territorial development politics are implanted in the Citizenship Territories of the Portal do Paranapanema; mainly concerning the social participation in the Territorial Development Collegiate, as well as to orientate and show results of the CPT actions. We have participated in meetings and activities organized by the Territorial Collegiate, in fieldworks in the rural communities, and we have interviewed Collegiate members, representatives of the government and the civil society, and settled farmers. Our results show that the most significant gain is the development of an important space for the social participation. However, the mobilization of the CTP social subjects occurs around punctual projects, which has yet strong sectorial orientation. These projects add little improvement to life conditions of social subjects and their communities. We also have noticed an institutional view of a harmonized territory free from any conflicts or contradictions. In this view, the territory is an environment of consent and cohesion, where the distinctive social groups are articulated around a collective construction of a shared future project. In this context, the territorial development approach trivializes and empties the use of the concept of territory, which is used in an instrumental way to identify any geographically defined physical spaces. The territory analyzed in this perspective has masked its contradictions, conflicts and power relations. It disregards that the territory is a historical social construction, collective and conflictive. This view interprets the conflicts as the only divergences between social groups capable of reaching consensus on common interests rather than conflicts between antagonistic social classes. This dissimulation of power relations serves the interests of the dominant classes, to which it is extremely interesting that the contradictions contained in these geographical spaces are not made explicit.
The territorial approach has gained importance in the rural politics for the development agenda since the creation of the Territorial Development Secretary (SDT), in 2003 within the Ministry of Agrarian Development. From the SDT it is formulated the National Program for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories (PRONAT), through which the Rural Territories are implemented. It is in the Rural Territories that the state interventions are projected with the aim of providing the infrastructures and services to support the development of agricultural productive chains. This has given a strong sector orientation to the Program. The Citizenship Territories Program (CTP) is launched in 2008 looking to overcome the sectorial orientation through a proposal of inter-ministerial articulation aiming the improvement of life conditions, access to public goods and services, and opportunities for social and economic inclusion for people living in rural areas. This research intended to show how federal government territorial development politics are implanted in the Citizenship Territories of the Portal do Paranapanema; mainly concerning the social participation in the Territorial Development Collegiate, as well as to orientate and show results of the CPT actions. We have participated in meetings and activities organized by the Territorial Collegiate, in fieldworks in the rural communities, and we have interviewed Collegiate members, representatives of the government and the civil society, and settled farmers. Our results show that the most significant gain is the development of an important space for the social participation. However, the mobilization of the CTP social subjects occurs around punctual projects, which has yet strong sectorial orientation. These projects add little improvement to life conditions of social subjects and their communities. We also have noticed an institutional view of a harmonized territory free from any conflicts or contradictions. In this view, the territory is an environment of consent and cohesion, where the distinctive social groups are articulated around a collective construction of a shared future project. In this context, the territorial development approach trivializes and empties the use of the concept of territory, which is used in an instrumental way to identify any geographically defined physical spaces. The territory analyzed in this perspective has masked its contradictions, conflicts and power relations. It disregards that the territory is a historical social construction, collective and conflictive. This view interprets the conflicts as the only divergences between social groups capable of reaching consensus on common interests rather than conflicts between antagonistic social classes. This dissimulation of power relations serves the interests of the dominant classes, to which it is extremely interesting that the contradictions contained in these geographical spaces are not made explicit.
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Palavras-chave
Desenvolvimento territorial, Desenvolvimento rural, Território, Espaços rurais, Participação