Identificação de compostos orgânicos voláteis e antibióticos produzidos por Bacillus spp. envolvidos no controle da mancha preta dos citros
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2017-06-19
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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O setor citrícola é o maior produtor de frutos no mundo, porém, encontra-se ameaçado por diversos patógenos, dentre esses, o fungo Phyllosticta citricarpa, agente causal da mancha preta dos citros. Como alternativa à utilização de fungicidas sintéticos para o controle do patógeno, o controle biológico, utilizando bactérias do gênero Bacillus, apresenta destaque. Tais microrganismos possibilitam o biocontrole pela produção de compostos orgânicos voláteis ou não voláteis. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivos: identificar os isolados de Bacillus spp. por meio de técnicas moleculares; avaliar a produção de compostos orgânicos voláteis produzidos por Bacillus spp. em diferentes meios de cultura; verificar os seus efeitos na evolução dos sintomas da doença em frutos de laranja, na morfologia de P. citricarpa em lesões de mancha preta e na indução de resistência, identificar os compostos voláteis por cromatografia gasosa unidimensional e finalmente, avaliar o efeito de diferentes meios de cultura no antagonismo e metabolismo secundário dos isolados de Bacillus. Os isolados bacterianos foram identificados como pertencentes às espécies de Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens e B. methylotrophicus. Os resultados mostraram que houve maior controle do patógeno, em decorrência da produção de voláteis, quando se utilizou os meios triptona de soja ágar (TSA) e caldo de triptona (TSB) para cultivo da bactéria, apresentando valores de inibição da colônia do fungo de até 73%. Com relação ao efeito dos compostos voláteis na evolução dos sintomas da doença, verificou-se que os melhores resultados, em termos de inibição (86%) de manchas sardentas que evoluíram para manchas duras, foram obtidos com o ACB-65 e ACB-73, quando cultivados em meio de cultivo TSB. Tais antagonistas causaram deformações nas hifas do patógeno, que podem explicar a não evolução dos sintomas da doença, como relatado anteriormente. Os voláteis de Bacillus spp. não foram capazes de ativar a atividade de enzimas indicativas de indução de resistência em frutos de laranja. As frações voláteis produzidas pelas bactérias foram identificadas e apresentaram álcoois, cetonas, aminas, éteres, aldeídos, fenóis e ácidos carboxílicos que podem servir como arsenal contra o fitopatógeno. Em relação ao efeito de diferentes meios de cultivo no antagonismo microbiano e no metabolismo secundário dos isolados de Bacillus, não houve diferença significativa entre os meios testados, porém proporcionaram redução significativa da colônia do fungo. Os metabólitos difundidos no meio de cultura foram identificados e apresentaram dois tipos de antibióticos, as iturinas e as surfactinas. O presente trabalho demonstrou o potencial de compostos orgânicos voláteis e não voláteis produzidos por Bacillus spp. no controle de P. citricarpa in vitro e in vivo, sendo uma alternativa ao uso de fungicidas sintéticos para o controle da mancha preta dos citros.
The citrus sector is the largest producer of fruits in the world, but it is threatened by several pathogens, among them Phyllosticta citricarpa fungus, causal agent of the citrus black spot. As an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides to control the pathogen, the biological control, using bacteria of the genus Bacillus, is highlighted. Such microorganisms enable biocontrol by the production of volatile or non-volatile organic compounds. Therefore, this work had as objectives: to identify the isolates of Bacillus spp. by means of molecular techniques; to evaluate the production of volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus spp. in different culture media; to verify its effects on the evolution of orange disease symptoms, P. citricarpa morphology in black spot lesions and induction of resistance, to identify the volatile compounds by one-dimensional gas chromatography and, finally, to evaluate the effect of different culture in the antagonism and secondary metabolism of Bacillus isolates. The bacterial isolates were identified as belonging to the species of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus methylotrophicus. The results showed that there was greater control of the pathogen, due to the volatile production, when tryptone broth (TSA) and tryptone broth (TSB) were used to culture the bacteria, presenting inhibition values of the fungus colony up to 73%. With regard to the effect of volatile compounds on the evolution of disease symptoms, the best results in terms of inhibition (86%) of freckles that progressed to hard spots were obtained with ACB-65 and ACB-73, when cultured in TSB culture medium. Such antagonists have caused deformations in the hyphae of the pathogen, which may explain the non-evolution of the disease symptoms, as previously reported. The volatiles of Bacillus spp. were not able to activate the enzyme activity indicative of induction of resistance in orange fruits. The volatile fractions produced by the bacteria were identified and showed alcohols, ketones, amines, ethers, aldehydes, phenols and carboxylic acids that can serve as arsenal against the phytopathogen. In relation to the effect of different culture media on the microbial antagonism and the secondary metabolism of the Bacillus isolates, there was no significant difference between the media tested, but provided a significant reduction of the fungus colony. The metabolites diffused in the culture medium were identified and presented two types of antibiotics, iturins and surfactins. The present work demonstrated the potential of volatile and non-volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus spp. In the control of P. citricarpa in vitro and in vivo, being an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides for the control of citrus black spot.
The citrus sector is the largest producer of fruits in the world, but it is threatened by several pathogens, among them Phyllosticta citricarpa fungus, causal agent of the citrus black spot. As an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides to control the pathogen, the biological control, using bacteria of the genus Bacillus, is highlighted. Such microorganisms enable biocontrol by the production of volatile or non-volatile organic compounds. Therefore, this work had as objectives: to identify the isolates of Bacillus spp. by means of molecular techniques; to evaluate the production of volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus spp. in different culture media; to verify its effects on the evolution of orange disease symptoms, P. citricarpa morphology in black spot lesions and induction of resistance, to identify the volatile compounds by one-dimensional gas chromatography and, finally, to evaluate the effect of different culture in the antagonism and secondary metabolism of Bacillus isolates. The bacterial isolates were identified as belonging to the species of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus methylotrophicus. The results showed that there was greater control of the pathogen, due to the volatile production, when tryptone broth (TSA) and tryptone broth (TSB) were used to culture the bacteria, presenting inhibition values of the fungus colony up to 73%. With regard to the effect of volatile compounds on the evolution of disease symptoms, the best results in terms of inhibition (86%) of freckles that progressed to hard spots were obtained with ACB-65 and ACB-73, when cultured in TSB culture medium. Such antagonists have caused deformations in the hyphae of the pathogen, which may explain the non-evolution of the disease symptoms, as previously reported. The volatiles of Bacillus spp. were not able to activate the enzyme activity indicative of induction of resistance in orange fruits. The volatile fractions produced by the bacteria were identified and showed alcohols, ketones, amines, ethers, aldehydes, phenols and carboxylic acids that can serve as arsenal against the phytopathogen. In relation to the effect of different culture media on the microbial antagonism and the secondary metabolism of the Bacillus isolates, there was no significant difference between the media tested, but provided a significant reduction of the fungus colony. The metabolites diffused in the culture medium were identified and presented two types of antibiotics, iturins and surfactins. The present work demonstrated the potential of volatile and non-volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus spp. In the control of P. citricarpa in vitro and in vivo, being an alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides for the control of citrus black spot.
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Controle biológico, Citrus sinensis, Guignardia citricarpa, Metabolômica, Phyllosticta citricarpa, Biological control, Metabolomics