As casas de ensino no Maranhão: um estudo de sua representação no período republicano (1903-1912)
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Data
2017-07-13
Autores
Silva, Diana Rocha da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Visando combater as altas taxas de analfabetismo existentes no Maranhão no início do século XX e, ao mesmo tempo, impulsionar a educação pública primária, os governantes, incentivados pelos ideais republicanos, adotaram um modelo de escola considerado na época a melhor opção para a superação do atraso educacional: os Grupos Escolares Maranhenses. Criados em 1903, os grupos foram apresentados à sociedade como modelos de escola moderna, necessários e úteis. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar se, de fato, essas escolas foram vistas como as Verdadeiras Casas de Ensino na sua primeira fase de implantação (1903 a 1912). Para tanto, é necessário compreender as permanências e as mudanças existentes no cenário educativo maranhense, que diferenciaram as escolas isoladas e os Grupos Escolares; analisar o cenário educacional da época, a influência mantida pelos intelectuais para a reconfiguração das escolas públicas primárias nesse período e as principais formas de notícias utilizadas para apresentar os grupos escolares como escolas de verdade. Para tanto, a pesquisa bibliográfica está baseada nos estudos de Chartier (1988), Ricoeur (1988) e Fourez (1995), elegendo a Representação como categoria principal, capaz de manter uma aproximação com o objeto de investigação; nos estudos de pesquisadores da história da educação e, em especial, a maranhense, privilegiando as obras que fazem referência à temática e ao período em questão. Em segundo lugar, recorre-se à pesquisa documental, detendo-se na análise e na seleção das mensagens publicadas nos jornais maranhenses no período de 1903 a 1912, e que abordam a temática pesquisada. Foram então selecionados os seguintes jornais: Diário do Maranhão, Pacotilha, A Escola, Vida no Lar, A Renascença, A República, Monitor Codoense, Jornal O Dia, O Jornal, O Porvir; e identificadas as seguintes categorias: “eventos, tempo escolar, formas literárias, organização escolar, percepção sobre a escola e críticas à instrução pública primária”. Essas categorias estão nas formas de anúncios, poemas, estórias, descrições. Para a definição dessas categorias foi efetuado um mapeamento das notícias publicadas nos dez jornais pesquisados, extraindo os termos que se referiam à instrução pública primária do Maranhão, utilizando o processo de indexação de assuntos nas mensagens analisadas, classificando os termos em categorias gerais e definindo as categorias específicas. Para isso, foram criadas três tabelas: a primeira é responsável pela descrição do nome do jornal, preço, periodicidade, cidade, data, expediente, tipografia, assuntos, título da notícia e transcrição da mensagem; a segunda tabela apresenta as categorias gerais e os nomes dos jornais onde encontramos as mensagens correspondentes ao nosso objeto de estudo; e a última tabela faz uma relação entre os jornais e os anos de publicação das notícias. A análise das mensagens possibilitou conhecer aquilo que se falava sobre a escola, o modelo de escola que se queria, e evidenciou, por meio das críticas à instrução pública primária, o que precisava ser banido do cenário educacional. Este estudo aponta que os grupos escolares na sua primeira fase de criação foram considerados Verdadeiras Casas de Ensino, configurandose como o melhor modelo de escola a ser implantado, capaz de formar o novo homem – afeito ao trabalho, respeitador das autoridades e da pátria.
Aiming to combat the high rates of illiteracy in Maranhão at the beginning of the 20th century and, at the same time, to boost primary public education, the rulers, encouraged by republican ideals, adopted a school model considered at the time the best option for overcoming the educational delay: the Maranhenses School Groups. Created in 1903, these groups were presented to society as models of modern school, necessary and useful. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate whether these schools were seen as the True Teaching Houses in their first phase of implantation (1903 to 1912). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the permanencies and the changes that exist in the Maranhão educational scene, which differentiate isolated schools and School Groups; to analyze the educational scene of the time, the influence maintained by the intellectuals for the reconfiguration of the primary public schools in this period and the main forms of news used to present the school groups as truth schools. The bibliographic research is based on the studies of Chartier (1988), Ricoeur (1988) and Fourez (1995), choosing the Representation as main category, able to maintain the approach with the object of investigation; in the studies of researchers in the history of education and, especially, in Maranhão, focusing on works that refer to the theme and period in question. Secondly, documentary research is used, focusing on the analysis and selection of messages published in the newspapers of Maranhão from 1903 to 1912, highlighting the researched topic. The following newspapers were selected: Diário do Maranhão, Pacotilha, A Escola, Vida no Lar, A Renascença, A República, Monitor Codoense, Jornal O Dia, O Jornal, O Porvir; and identified the following categories: “events, school time, literary forms, school organization, school perceptions and criticisms of primary public education”. These categories are in the form of ads, poems, stories, descriptions. For the definition of these categories, a mapping of the news published in the ten newspapers surveyed was carried out, extracting the terms referring to the primary public education of Maranhão, using the process of indexing subjects in the analyzed messages, classifying the terms into general categories and defining the specific categories. For this, three tables were created: the first one is responsible for the description of the name of the newspaper, price, periodicity, city, date, dossier, typography, subjects, news headline and message transcription; the second table presents the general categories and the names of the newspapers where we find the messages corresponding to our object of study; and the last table makes a relation between the newspapers and the years of publication of the news. The analysis of the messages made it possible to know what was said about the school, the school model that was wanted, and evidenced, through criticism about primary public education, what had to be banished from the educational scene. This study points out that the school groups in their first phase of creation were considered True Teaching Houses, being configured as the best model of school to be implanted, able to form the new man - working, respectful of the authorities and the motherland.
Aiming to combat the high rates of illiteracy in Maranhão at the beginning of the 20th century and, at the same time, to boost primary public education, the rulers, encouraged by republican ideals, adopted a school model considered at the time the best option for overcoming the educational delay: the Maranhenses School Groups. Created in 1903, these groups were presented to society as models of modern school, necessary and useful. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate whether these schools were seen as the True Teaching Houses in their first phase of implantation (1903 to 1912). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the permanencies and the changes that exist in the Maranhão educational scene, which differentiate isolated schools and School Groups; to analyze the educational scene of the time, the influence maintained by the intellectuals for the reconfiguration of the primary public schools in this period and the main forms of news used to present the school groups as truth schools. The bibliographic research is based on the studies of Chartier (1988), Ricoeur (1988) and Fourez (1995), choosing the Representation as main category, able to maintain the approach with the object of investigation; in the studies of researchers in the history of education and, especially, in Maranhão, focusing on works that refer to the theme and period in question. Secondly, documentary research is used, focusing on the analysis and selection of messages published in the newspapers of Maranhão from 1903 to 1912, highlighting the researched topic. The following newspapers were selected: Diário do Maranhão, Pacotilha, A Escola, Vida no Lar, A Renascença, A República, Monitor Codoense, Jornal O Dia, O Jornal, O Porvir; and identified the following categories: “events, school time, literary forms, school organization, school perceptions and criticisms of primary public education”. These categories are in the form of ads, poems, stories, descriptions. For the definition of these categories, a mapping of the news published in the ten newspapers surveyed was carried out, extracting the terms referring to the primary public education of Maranhão, using the process of indexing subjects in the analyzed messages, classifying the terms into general categories and defining the specific categories. For this, three tables were created: the first one is responsible for the description of the name of the newspaper, price, periodicity, city, date, dossier, typography, subjects, news headline and message transcription; the second table presents the general categories and the names of the newspapers where we find the messages corresponding to our object of study; and the last table makes a relation between the newspapers and the years of publication of the news. The analysis of the messages made it possible to know what was said about the school, the school model that was wanted, and evidenced, through criticism about primary public education, what had to be banished from the educational scene. This study points out that the school groups in their first phase of creation were considered True Teaching Houses, being configured as the best model of school to be implanted, able to form the new man - working, respectful of the authorities and the motherland.
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Palavras-chave
Educação maranhense, Instrução pública primária, Grupo escolar, Representação, Education in Maranhão, Primary public instruction, School group, Representation